Ejercicios: Expresiones idiomáticas sobre las relaciones personales
Les propongo ampliar la practica del léxico inglés con este ejercicio de expresiones idiomáticas (idioms) sobre relaciones interpersonales.
Completad las oraciones con una de las palabras de la lista:
blind chance crush dump fall head knot made rocks up
2. Nowadays it's common to your partner on Facebook. You simply change your status from "In a relationship" to "Single".
3. Nowadays, girls don't for rich men anymore. You need to have more to yourself than just a credit card.
4. He promised to change his behaviour so she decided to give him a second .
5. When I was young, I used to have a on Leonardo di Caprio.
6. Ann and Brian are the perfect couple - they were for each other.
7. Our marriage is on the at the moment - we are going through a difficult time.
8. After dating for several years, they have decided to tie the and get married in August.
9. We had a big argument yesterday, but we talked about it this morning and we made .
10. He keeps sending her flowers and chocolates. He is over heels in love with her.
1.up you can bit speak a?
?
2. I quite that catch didn't.
.
3. that what again was?
?
4. not you am I following.
.
5. "tough" mean what does?
?
6. slowly can speak you more?
?
7. what not you I am mean sure.
.
Ejercicios: Estrategias conversacionales en una entrevista de Ellen Degeneres
1. You didn't get this thing is going around?
I didn't get it!
!
2. You look radiant!
very much.
3. Maybe not like crossing the intersection but, you know, certainly around, hopping around!
?
4. He lashes out on these two little sofas!
!
5. I have to make people happy.
!
6. I have to see what Justin Bieber is up to this week.
Right, .
7. That sounds weird.
It .
8. I don't like talking about the other dog when Hugo's around.
I .
9. What a great cast!
cast!
I didn't get it!
!
2. You look radiant!
very much.
3. Maybe not like crossing the intersection but, you know, certainly around, hopping around!
?
4. He lashes out on these two little sofas!
!
5. I have to make people happy.
!
6. I have to see what Justin Bieber is up to this week.
Right, .
7. That sounds weird.
It .
8. I don't like talking about the other dog when Hugo's around.
I .
9. What a great cast!
cast!
Estrategias para conversar en inglés (…y no perderse completamente)
Mantener una conversación en un idioma que no es el propio puede ser, por momentos, un verdadero calvario. La fluidez de la conversación dependerá, claro, de nuestro dominio del idioma pero también de como sabemos aplicar algunas estrategias para sortear los momentos de incomprensión. Estos momentos son los instantes en que la dificultad de hacernos entender nos obliga a fijarnos de forma consciente en las estructuras que utilizamos y también de afinar nuestro repertorio de formas.
A continuación tenéis algunas de las expresiones habituales para evitar que una conversación se interrumpa.
Para pedir que nos repitan alguna cosa:
Can you repeat that/say that again, please?
Pardon? (esta es una petición formal)
What was that again?
I didn’t (quite) catch that.
What did you say (your name) was?
Para pedir que nuestro interlocutor modifique su forma de expresión:
Can you speak up/down a bit, please? (¿Puede hablar más alto/más bajo, por favor?)
Can you speak more slowly, please? (¿Puede hablar más despacio?)
Para pedir una aclaración:
What do you mean by (….)?
What does (mandatory) mean? (¿Que significa “mandatory”?)
What was that again?
I’m not following you. (No te sigo)
I’m not sure I get what you mean. (No creo que te entienda)
Ejercicios: Pedir aclaraciones y repeticiones en inglés
Reescribid algunas de las estructuras más habituales para pedir aclaraciones y repeticiones en una conversación. Tenéis que ordenar las palabras para formar las estructuras correctas.
?
2. I quite that catch didn't.
.
3. that what again was?
?
4. not you am I following.
.
5. "tough" mean what does?
?
6. slowly can speak you more?
?
7. what not you I am mean sure.
.
Ejercicios: Práctica de vocabulario y comprensión con un poema de Shel Silverstein
Lo que más me gusta de los poemas de Shel Silverstein es la conexión sutil entre el texto y el dibujo que le acompaña. Los poemas de Shel Silverstein son algo más que poemas infantiles – sus mensajes llegan también a un público adulto.
les propongo un ejercicio de lectura y comprensión oral en el que tenéis que escuchar la grabación y completar la letra del poema con las palabras correctas.
Tryin' on clothes
I tried on the farmer's ,
Didn't fit.
A little too - just a bit
Too floppy.
Couldn't get to it,
Took it off.
I tried on the dancer's ,
A little too loose.
Not the kind you use
For walkin'.
Didn't feel in 'em,
Kicked 'em off.
I tried on the sun,
Felt good.
Nice and - knew it would.
Tried the grass beneath bare feet,
Felt .
Finally, finally felt well dressed,
Nature's clothes just me best.
Ejercicios: La estructura del párrafo.
Un párrafo se compone de una idea principal (topic sentence) y de argumentos que sostienen o ilustran esta idea. Os propongo identificar la idea principal y los argumentos en el siguiente párrafo que he desordenado.
(Fuente: Chantal Cornut-Gentille d’Arcy. “Classic Comedy as a Barometer for Present Times or the Debunking of Categorical Delineations of Nationality in Passport to Pimlico (Henry Cornelius, 1949)”. ATLANTIS 34 (1) (2012): 11-26)
Topic sentence
Expansion of the topic sentence
Supporting argument 1
Supporting argument 2
Supporting argument 3
As a consequence, for many years a number of fine films and directors
were under-appreciated, as Alan Lovell implied when he described British cinema
as “The Unknown Cinema” (2001: 200).
Invariably exposed to unequal competition of this formidable “other”,
the history of British cinema has therefore been, according to Gilbert Adair
(1985: 14), “the history of an inferiority complex” – a defeatism, David Sutton
adds, that has conditioned both the conception and perception of British films
since the earliest days of the industry (2000: 1).
Compared to Hollywood’s vast production empire, film making in Britain
has always seemed more of a cottage industry.
Indeed, the British cinema has come up against constant criticism from
as far back as the 1930s, when writer Paul Rotha dismissed British studios as
being “filled with persons of third rate intelligence inclined to condemn
everything that is below their range” (Jones 2005), right up to François
Truffaut’s spiteful comment, made in 1969, that “there was a certain
incompatibility between the words 'cinema' and 'Britain'” (Barr 1996: 1).
Such disdainful remarks logically led to a general lack of interest for
British cinema.
Ejercicios: Frases hechas para dar nuestras opiniones en inglés.
Cuando formulamos una opinión necesitamos, por lo general, una introducción para identificar claramente nuestras afirmaciones como opiniones personales. Os propongo un pequeño ejercicio con algunas frases hechas típicamente utilizadas como introducciones de opinión en inglés, y que incorporan, concretamente, una serie de preposiciones.
Escoged la preposición correcta de la lista desplegable en cada oración.
1. I am the opinion that there is no age limit for starting to learn a foreign language - all it takes is motivation.
2. I am the impression that young people still don't realize how important it is to speak foreign languages.
3. It goes saying that the more you read, the better your vocabulary becomes.
4. my opinion, watching films in original version with subtitles is the easiest way to improve your listening comprehension skills.
5. my mind, spending a year studying or working in an English-speaking country is an incredibly motivating experience for a learner.
6. my point of view, word lists are not very useful - it's better to write down the new words in a sentence. The context will help you understand and remember them more easily.
7. My own feeling the subject of learning English is that it is easier to learn in a group than on your own.
8. Speaking myself, online dictionaries are more practical than paper dictionaires.
9. I see it, you need to plan in the long term when you start studying a foreign language. You cannot learn a language in a month.
10. I agree you that the teacher plays a key role in the language class.
Como desarrollar la introducción de una clase magistral en la universidad.
Empezaremos hoy una serie de lecciones sobre la clase magistral en la universidad, la “lecture”. Estas lecciones están pensadas tanto para el profesorado que imparte docencia en inglés como para el alumnado que necesita ir a clases que se imparten en inglés. La lección de hoy se centra en la introducción, o en otras palabras, los primeros minutos de una “lecture”.
Estos minutos son cruciales para marcar con claridad la pauta que se seguirá en la clase. Hay algunos “ingredientes” que no deberían faltar en la introducción de la classe:
1. Un saludo dirigido al público – una cuestión de cortesía pero también una estrategia para conectar con el público
2. Anunciar el tema o el objetivo de la clase – de manera breve, sin entrar en muchos detalles.
Algunas expresiones útiles para esta sección serían:
The topic of this session is…/ Today I’m going to talk about…/ My topic today is…, etc.
3. Contextualizar el tema – en relación con las clases anteriores y/o mediante una breve definición del concepto central.
Un ejemplo de contextualización sería
Last week we started talking about/looked at hazards in the workplace
Usar el Simple Past permite hacer referencia a conceptos o materia presentada en clases anteriores. Es importante resaltar la continuidad del temario y activar el conocimiento previo de la materia.
4. Presentar la estructura de la clase, es decir las secciones o bloques de contenidos en que se estructura la “lecture”.
Esta estructura es “el guión” de la clase y debería quedar visualmente accesible para saber en todo momento en que punto de la exposición estamos.
Algunas expresiones para presentar la organización del contenido:
The class is divided into (3) parts.
First(ly)/First of all/, I’m going to talk about…
Second(ly)/Then/Next, we are going to look at…
Finally/Lastly, we are going to have a look at a case study.
I’d like to/Let’s begin by…
First(ly)/First of all/, I’m going to talk about…
Second(ly)/Then/Next, we are going to look at…
Finally/Lastly, we are going to have a look at a case study.
I’d like to/Let’s begin by…
Importante:
- No dividir la clases en más de tres o cuatro secciones de contenido. La estructura de la clase debe ser fácil de coger en su totalidad.
- No entrar en muchos detalles (definiciones, clasificaciones, ejemplos, etc.) en esta fase de la clase para no distraer la atención de la estructura de la clase.
La introducción debe permitir anticipar el contenido de la “lecture” y, como consecuencia, mejorar la comprensión de los conceptos presentados.
Ejercicios: Practicar expresiones habituales en las introducciones de las clases magistrales.
Les propongo practicar con algunas de las expresiones típicas en la introducción de una clase magistral utilizando un material audiovisual de la Chancellor University en los EE.UU. Mirad la grabación y completad las siguientes oraciones.
1. to another segment of the Chancellor University education series.
2. Today we're gonna organizational behaviour.
3. Organisational behaviour effective leadership and particularly the question "why do we behave as we do".
4. Today look at a couple of specific questions.
5. , why are leaders as they are and what creates great leadership.
6. , we are going to look at how you keep yourself motivated and how in turn you motivate employees.
7. Today we're gonna leadership and motives and motivation.
8. The practical application of organisational behaviour is the discipline organisational development.
9. makes organisational behaviour unique is that it integrates the disciplines of psychology, sociology, anthropology and business.
10. So specifically about behaviour.
2. Today we're gonna organizational behaviour.
3. Organisational behaviour effective leadership and particularly the question "why do we behave as we do".
4. Today look at a couple of specific questions.
5. , why are leaders as they are and what creates great leadership.
6. , we are going to look at how you keep yourself motivated and how in turn you motivate employees.
7. Today we're gonna leadership and motives and motivation.
8. The practical application of organisational behaviour is the discipline organisational development.
9. makes organisational behaviour unique is that it integrates the disciplines of psychology, sociology, anthropology and business.
10. So specifically about behaviour.
Ejercicios: Consejos para ser un buen profesor.
He aquí algunos consejos que un grupo de profesores universitarios nos ofrecen para ser mejores profesores. Veréis que hablan de algunas de las dificultades que han encontrado en su carrera de enseñante universitario.
Mirad el vídeo y completad las oraciones con una palabra.
Teachers say:
1. As a teacher, you need to avoid getting - becoming boring as a teacher.
2. You need to work on being more as a teacher.
3. The biggest problem is how to present your material in a and manner without boring your students to death.
4. Young teachers often have to do end learning - nobody helps you to learn how to do certain things.
5. A common fear among young teachers is losing the of the students because you are of similar ages.
Good teaching means taking control in a way of a really situation. To take control, you have to do your .
1. As a teacher, you need to avoid getting - becoming boring as a teacher.
2. You need to work on being more as a teacher.
3. The biggest problem is how to present your material in a and manner without boring your students to death.
4. Young teachers often have to do end learning - nobody helps you to learn how to do certain things.
5. A common fear among young teachers is losing the of the students because you are of similar ages.
Good teaching means taking control in a way of a really situation. To take control, you have to do your .
Ejercicios: El aprendizaje activo en la clase universitaria.
El aprendizaje activo o “active learning” es una de las propuestas actuales para mejorar la docencia universitaria. El vídeo de hoy os muestra un ejemplo de como se puede implementar este tipo de aprendizaje.
Les propongo mirarlo y completar la lista de características del “active learning” tal y como lo presentan los alumnos y la profesora.
Some of the characteristics of active learning are:
1. students don't work alone; they are part of a
2. as such, they are to contribute what they know and teach one another
3. tasks are carried out in with the rest of the group
4. enhances learning because it helps share the informatin
5. students carry out -evaluation on each other's work
6. the groups allow students to with one another and make friends
7. the coursework can be but the classroom layout facilitates its understanding
8. the class is a laboratory where students bring what they know to build applications
9. the teacher can give individualised
10. it leads to learning
1. students don't work alone; they are part of a
2. as such, they are to contribute what they know and teach one another
3. tasks are carried out in with the rest of the group
4. enhances learning because it helps share the informatin
5. students carry out -evaluation on each other's work
6. the groups allow students to with one another and make friends
7. the coursework can be but the classroom layout facilitates its understanding
8. the class is a laboratory where students bring what they know to build applications
9. the teacher can give individualised
10. it leads to learning
El lenguage específico de la clase universitaria en inglés – El signposting.
Una de las características más relevantes de una buena clase magistral es, desde un punto de vista lingüístico, la señalización (signposting) de sus diferentes secciones así como el uso de aquellas expresiones que nos indican con claridad que hace el docente en cada momento (e.g. está explicando un concepto, está clasificando unos conceptos, etc.). Este lenguage más funcional es, en mi opinión, más importante para el buen funcionamiento de la clase que el uso de un extenso abanico de formas verbales que, aunque demuestren el gran dominio que el docente tiene del idioma meta, no siempre facilita que los estudiantes comprendan el contenido.
A continuación tenéis una lista de algunas expresiones útiles para las clases en inglés.
- Acabar una sección: That’s all I have to say about…/So far we have looked at…./ So much for…, etc.
- Empezar una nueva sección: Let’s turn now to…/I’d like now to discuss…/The next topic I would like to focus on is…/I’d like to expand on …, etc.
- Dar ejemplos: For example, …/ A good example of this is…/To illustrate this point…., etc.
- Explicar: To put it simply…/Basically…/What this means is that…/Why is this important?, etc.
- Parafrasear: In other words…/What I’m trying to say is…/To put in another way…, etc.
- Resumir: To sum up…/Let’s summarise briefly what we’ve looked at today./Let me remind you of some of the issues we’ve covered today, etc.
- Concluir la sesión: To conclude…/To wrap up today’s session,…, etc.
Ejercicios: Expresiones útiles para la clase universitaria en inglés.
Les propongo practicar con algunas expresiones que señalan la estructura de la clase y otras funciones del discurso docente, como dar explicaciones, ejemplos, parafrasear, etc. Escojed la función de la derecha que corresponde a cada uno de los fragmentos de clase de la izquierrda y enlazarlo hasta su posición correcta con el de abajo.
So far we have looked at the structure of the noun phrase. We are now
going to focus on a specific type of pre-modifiers, namely descriptive
adjectives.
Passive fishing gear works differently. Put simply, the gear is lowered
into the water and the fish are caught when they move into it.
Fishing methods are not as selective as we would like them to be. In
other words, other species are caught alongside the target species, which
obviously has a negative impact on the marine ecosystem.
A good example of a dead language is Latin. Nobody learns Latin as their
mother tongue.
If you take a look at this slide, you can see how dramatic the increase
in young unemployment has been in Spain over the last four years.
Ok, moving on, let's take a closer look at the plants and algae involved
in this process.
The determinants which affect an active lifestyle can be basically
divided into 3 key categories, namely environmental determinants, personal
determinants and behavioural determinants.
So, today we have looked at the different characteristics of leadership.
Next week we are going to talk about some of the most influential political
leaders in the history of Europe.
- concluding a session
- explanation
- classifying
- transition from one section to another
- introducing a new section/point
- exemplifying
- referring to visuals
- rephrasing
Ejercicios: Ideas para mejorar la manera de impartir una clase universitaria en inglés.
Les propongo ver un pequeño video con algunos consejos para impartir una buena clase universitaria. Creo que estos consejos sirven para todos los tipos de docencia universitaria, incluso cuando se trata de clases impartidas en inglés idioma extranjero.
Tenéis que ordenar los consejos en el orden en que son presentados en el video. Poned el número correspondiente al lado de cada oración (1, 2, 3, etc.)
Not all the content needs to be delivered during the lecture - lecturers need to select the material presented in class. Number:
Lectures should be lively and interspersed with videos, group activities, etc. Number:
Lecturers should reinforce content points by repeating or rephrasing them. Number:
Lecturers need to adapt the language of the lecture to the language of the students in the audience. Number:
A lecture needs to be interactive - the lecturer and the students should get an opportunity to ask each other questions. Number:
Lecturers should vary activities every 15-20 minutes which is the maximum amount of time for effective listening comprehension. Number:
Lectures should be lively and interspersed with videos, group activities, etc. Number:
Lecturers should reinforce content points by repeating or rephrasing them. Number:
Lecturers need to adapt the language of the lecture to the language of the students in the audience. Number:
A lecture needs to be interactive - the lecturer and the students should get an opportunity to ask each other questions. Number:
Lecturers should vary activities every 15-20 minutes which is the maximum amount of time for effective listening comprehension. Number:
Ejercicios: Estrategias para interactuar con el público en la clase magistral.
La clase magistral se caracteriza, en general, por cierta distancia entre el profesor y el alumnado. Normalmente en las clases magistrales hay un gran número de alumnos que hacen imposible un contacto personalizado. Aún así, hay maneras de conectar con el auditorio. En el ejercicio de hoy os propongo descubrir algunas de esta estructuras que podéis utilizar para estrechar lazos con vuestro público en las clases en inglés.
Identificar el tipo de estrategia discursiva que utiliza el docente en los siguientes ejemplos. Desplazar las estrategias que se presentan a la derecha hasta su posición correcta en la parte de abajo.
Don't worry, I'm not going to examine you now on, which are salts acids
and bases.
You can also download the lecture handout from the web page.
I'd like you to look at families three-B four-B five-B six-B and
seven-B.
Let's move ahead.
Where does that put us as the imaginary viewers?
How many people know what denervation supersensitivity is? I don't see a
whole lot of hands going up.
Okay. So today, we're ready to go on to have the last lecture on
hallucinogens.
You've probably all heard of Lamarck, he was a French paleobiologist.
Are there any questions on this phenomenon? It's often misunderstood, so
I want to make sure it's clear to you yeah in back?
We'll stop here today.
- acknowledging the audience
- global checking for understanding, normally at the end of a section/the lecture
- starting the lecture
- real question; answer expected
- giving practical information about the course
- rhetorical question; no answer expected
- reassuring students
- asking for in-class action
- indicating transition to a new point in the lecture
- announcing the end of the lecture
Ejercicios: Estrategias para tomar apuntes durante las clases universitarias en inglés.
Nos centramos de nuevo en el público de las clases universitarias, es decir en los estudiantes. Uno de los retos que tendrán en las clases en inglés consistirá en tomar apuntes que puedan entender una vez acabada la clase y que les sirvan para esclarecer y complementar las diapositivas del profesor. Tomar buenos apuntes no es fácil y tomarlos en un idioma que no dominas, aun menos.
Les propongo hacer un ejercicio de comprensión oral con un vídeo sobre algunas técnicas y estrategias para mejorar la toma de apuntes en la clase uiversitaria. Podréis así trasladar algunas de ellas a vuestros alumnos y ayudarlos a mejorar su rendimiento académico.
Mirad el vídeo y completad los apuntes.
Note-taking strategies:
Lead - do course readings the lecture to prepare for the topic
Ideas - write down ideas
Summarise - summarise the most important information in your words within 24 hours after the lecture
Talk - talk to the after the class if you have any doubts
End - review notes and identify
Notes - only write down important and signal words
Types of notes
Cornell Method - 3 parts: main ideas - details -
Outline Method - 2 elements: major points and ideas
T-Notes - used in -based classes (e.g. maths and engineering)
The 5Rs
Record - taking notes is just the 1st step
Reduce - reduce your notes to the key points, using your own words
Recite - say the information out ; it helps remember it
Reflect - reflect on how the notes relate to the course
Review - review your notes on the same day and at the end of the .
Expresiones útiles para hacer clasificaciones en inglés académico.
En la presente lección nos centraremos en las expresiones y construcciones que se utilizan habitualmente para hacer clasificaciones en inglés académico. Se trata de maneras diferentes de hacer referencia a los distintos niveles en una jerarquía, así como a los elementos constitutivos de una clase o categoría.
Algunas de estas expresiones son:
(There are two) types/kinds/classes/categories/sorts/varieties of X.
X consists of/comprises/can be divided into/includes two types/categories, etc.:….
X can be further subdivided into…
We can classify X according to/on the basis of/depending on….
Practicar con el léxico de las clasificaciones en inglés académico.
El texto es una clasificación de las erupciones volcanicas. Completad los huecos con una de las palabras de la lista:
according, classes, comprise, consist, depending, divided, includes, subdivided, types.
Volcanoes can be classified to the types of ruption they produce. on the degree of fragmentation of rocks ad magma and the height of the eruption column, eruptions can be into 2 : effusive eruptions, characterised by vast outpourings of very fluid lava, and explosive eruptions, which occur as violent explosions of lava, rock fragments or water.
Explosive eruptions can be further into magmatic, phreatomagmatic and phreatic eruptions. Magmatic eruptions 5 of magmatic activity, named after famous volcanoes that display that style of eruption: Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Pelean and Plinian.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions occur when groundwater and magma combine underground. The result is a steam explosion that includes lava rock fragments and bombs. Phreatomagmatic activity Vulcanian, Surtseyan and Pheatoplinian eruptions.
Phreatic eruptions also in a steam explosion, though in this case no new magma material is ejected.
Explosive eruptions can be further into magmatic, phreatomagmatic and phreatic eruptions. Magmatic eruptions 5 of magmatic activity, named after famous volcanoes that display that style of eruption: Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Pelean and Plinian.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions occur when groundwater and magma combine underground. The result is a steam explosion that includes lava rock fragments and bombs. Phreatomagmatic activity Vulcanian, Surtseyan and Pheatoplinian eruptions.
Phreatic eruptions also in a steam explosion, though in this case no new magma material is ejected.
Ejercicios: Familias léxicas en las clasificaciones.
Algunas de las palabras que utilizamos para hacer clasificaciones forman parte de familias léxicas. Esto nos permite expandir, sin grandes esfuerzos, nuestro vocabulario. Os propongo completar algunas de estas familias a partir de las palabras que tenéis dadas.
Noun - Verb - Adjective - Adverb
- zero- similar -
- to - different -
- zero - distinct -
- to - characteristic (of) -
- to - specific -
- to - varied - zero
- zero- similar -
- to - different -
- zero - distinct -
- to - characteristic (of) -
- to - specific -
- to - varied - zero
Ejercicios: Comprensión lectora y clasificaciones en inglés.
Les propongo un ejercicio de comprensión lectora con una clasificación de aves. Leed el texto y ordenad las categorías en el orden en que aparecen en el texto. Escribid el número correspondiente al lado de cada categoría (de 1 a 7).
TEXTO
The classification of birds involves grouping of birds into categories according to physiological similarities, and more recently, by consideration of their genetic make-up. This classification is also known as taxonomy. The system of classification was created by Carl Linnaeus.
The first division of classification is into Kingdom. Birds are classified into the Kingdom Animalia (i.e. Animals). The kingdom is further divided into the Phylum. Birds are in the Phylum Chordata (Animals with a backbone). Next in classification is the Class. The Class for birds is Aves. From this stage we will be dealing purely with the classification of birds i.e. How the Class Aves is divided up.
In bird classification the Class Aves is split up into 23 orders. Birds in an order all share very similar characteristics. More than half of the Class of Aves are in the order Passeriformes (aka Passerines). The other smaller orders include: Struthioniformes (Ostriches, emu’s etc.), Galliformes (pheasants, guinea fowl etc.), Piciformes (Barbets, woodpeckers etc.) and many more.
The orders are further divided into families. There are 142 families in the Class Aves. The family designation is usually indicated by ending in -dae. For example, the order Apodiformes is divided into the families of: Apodidae (typical swifts) and Hemiprocnidae (crested swifts).
Within the families you will find the genus, of which there are 2,057 in the Class Aves. The next smallest unit of bird classification is species. In some cases the species is further divided into subspecies, this often occurs because birds of the same species living in a different geographical area may differ slightly. There are 9,702 species of birds.
The genus and species names are used when using a bird’s scientific name. The genus always begins with a capital letter and the species with a lower case letter. They should always be written as follows: Struthio camelus (Ostrich) or underlined if hand written.
Source: http://www.birds.com/species/classifications/
Class - Position:
Family - Position:
Genus - Position:
Kingdom - Position:
Order - Position:
Phylum - Position:
Species - Position:
The first division of classification is into Kingdom. Birds are classified into the Kingdom Animalia (i.e. Animals). The kingdom is further divided into the Phylum. Birds are in the Phylum Chordata (Animals with a backbone). Next in classification is the Class. The Class for birds is Aves. From this stage we will be dealing purely with the classification of birds i.e. How the Class Aves is divided up.
In bird classification the Class Aves is split up into 23 orders. Birds in an order all share very similar characteristics. More than half of the Class of Aves are in the order Passeriformes (aka Passerines). The other smaller orders include: Struthioniformes (Ostriches, emu’s etc.), Galliformes (pheasants, guinea fowl etc.), Piciformes (Barbets, woodpeckers etc.) and many more.
The orders are further divided into families. There are 142 families in the Class Aves. The family designation is usually indicated by ending in -dae. For example, the order Apodiformes is divided into the families of: Apodidae (typical swifts) and Hemiprocnidae (crested swifts).
Within the families you will find the genus, of which there are 2,057 in the Class Aves. The next smallest unit of bird classification is species. In some cases the species is further divided into subspecies, this often occurs because birds of the same species living in a different geographical area may differ slightly. There are 9,702 species of birds.
The genus and species names are used when using a bird’s scientific name. The genus always begins with a capital letter and the species with a lower case letter. They should always be written as follows: Struthio camelus (Ostrich) or underlined if hand written.
Source: http://www.birds.com/species/classifications/
Class - Position:
Family - Position:
Genus - Position:
Kingdom - Position:
Order - Position:
Phylum - Position:
Species - Position:
Como describir procesos en inglés académico.
Los procesos se pueden dividir en dos grandes categorías:
- Procesos lineales: que van de un punto incial A a un punto final B, pasando por diferentes fases
- Procesos cíclicos: que se inician y se terminan en el mismo punto A
En la descripción de los procesos en inglés académico, destacamos algunos aspectos:
1. El uso de conectores de secuencia
El incicio: First(ly), To begin with, Initially
Fases intermediarias: Second(ly), Third(ly); Next, Then, Subsequently, After this, Before this, At the same time, etc.
La finalización: Lastly, Finally
Es importante tener presente que los conectores no son siempre necesarios, muchas veces la decripción misma es suficientemente explícita como para entender que hay una sucesión. Por ejemplo, un cambio de sitio significa automáticamente una progresión en el tiempo.
2. Las formas verbales
- En la descripción de un proceso suelen alternarse la voz pasiva y la voz activa.
En el proceso, lo que más interesa es lo que pasa con el objeto en las diferentes fases del proceso, de ahí la necesidad de utilizar la voz pasiva (The timber is dried in special ovens).
Para variar la descripción, también se puede utilizar la voz activa cuando el agente que perpetra la acción es de especial relevancia (Special trucks transport the timber to the shipping area).
- Los procesos suelen explicarse en el presente precisamente para emfatizar su carácter atemporal y rutinario.
También se puede utilizar el present perfect simple para emfatizar la compleción de una fase en procesos cuyo resultado sirve de punto de partida para la siguiente fase (Once the wood has been stacked, it is packaged for shipping).
Ejercicios: El léxico de la descripción de procesos.
Les propongo familiarizaros con algunas de las estrategias usadas en la descripción de procesos. El video detalla la producción del zumo de naranja en los EE.UU. Miradlo y completad el texto con los conectores, las formas verbales y otras palabras que se mencionan en el video.
America glugs through 2.5 billion liters of sweet juice every year and most of it comes from Florida where they harves and squeeze over billion oranges a year to keep the juice flowing.
To grow oranges, what you need is good , large quantities of blissful Florida and buckets and buckets of .
To guarantee that the juice will be liquid sunshine, the sugar to water content (analyse), yielding a measure known as brix. it's at least 10% sugar, the oranges are right for the picking.
Oranges need to be picked fast because they are ripening at once. A continuous canopy shaker is used to the fruit.
the oranges (pick), the race is on to make sure your breakfast orange juice (OJ) tastes as fresh as it can be.
So, the fruit is shipped out, 20000 kg at a time. The trucks (bring) it to an OJ processing plant.
, the oranges are washed out of the trucks. The fruit is carried along 2 km of conveyors into the processing plant where it is graded.
The oranges (separate) by size and it's time to extract the juice. This is done automatically.
Consumers are divided into those who like their OJ and those who like it with .
So, a load of the pulp that carefully (screen) is added back into the juice to create the wholesome authentic OJ with all the good stuff in it.
The OJ is now ready (pour) into cartons. It takes 2 dozens oranges to mae enough juice to fill each 1.8 liter cartons.
The OJ is also tested for quality. There are 11 measures of quality. a batch of OJ ticks every box is it fit to be shipped.
To grow oranges, what you need is good , large quantities of blissful Florida and buckets and buckets of .
To guarantee that the juice will be liquid sunshine, the sugar to water content (analyse), yielding a measure known as brix. it's at least 10% sugar, the oranges are right for the picking.
Oranges need to be picked fast because they are ripening at once. A continuous canopy shaker is used to the fruit.
the oranges (pick), the race is on to make sure your breakfast orange juice (OJ) tastes as fresh as it can be.
So, the fruit is shipped out, 20000 kg at a time. The trucks (bring) it to an OJ processing plant.
, the oranges are washed out of the trucks. The fruit is carried along 2 km of conveyors into the processing plant where it is graded.
The oranges (separate) by size and it's time to extract the juice. This is done automatically.
Consumers are divided into those who like their OJ and those who like it with .
So, a load of the pulp that carefully (screen) is added back into the juice to create the wholesome authentic OJ with all the good stuff in it.
The OJ is now ready (pour) into cartons. It takes 2 dozens oranges to mae enough juice to fill each 1.8 liter cartons.
The OJ is also tested for quality. There are 11 measures of quality. a batch of OJ ticks every box is it fit to be shipped.
Ejercicios: Expresiones de cantidad para describir procesos.
En la descripción de procesos tenemos que utilizar expresiones de cantidad. Os propongo conocer algunas de estas expresiones con el ejercicio siguiente. Completad las expresiones con una de las palabras de la lista:
amount, degree, dose, extent, load, proportion, quota, rate, stock, volume.
1. the of men to women
2. to such an that...
3. a strict immigration
4. a substantial of data
5. a of vaccine
6. a high of traffic
7. a of bricks
8. to a considerable
9. the production
10. to replenish the of wine.
2. to such an that...
3. a strict immigration
4. a substantial of data
5. a of vaccine
6. a high of traffic
7. a of bricks
8. to a considerable
9. the production
10. to replenish the of wine.
Ejercicios: Los adjetivos compuestos en el discurso académico.
Nos centraremos en un tipo muy concreto de adjetivos descriptivos, específicamente los adjetivos con guión. Tenéis que reconstruir estos adjetivos desplazando las cajas de la derecha hasta su posición correcta abajo.
clear-
long-
two-
back-
high-
roof-
rust-
student-
top-
10-
term solution
fold increase
mounted solar collector
way analysis
up unit
down processing
proficiency group
resistant metal
cut case
centered methodology
La relación de causa y efecto en inglés académico.
Hablar de causas y/o efectos es muy habitual en inglés académico. Cuando intentamos explicar una situación, un fenómeno, unos resultados de un experimento etc., muy amenudo necesitamos hacer referencia a las causas o bien a los efectos.
Las expresiones de causa/efecto varian en función de lo que se escoje como información central. Podemos ir de la causa al efecto o bien del efecto a la causa. Recordad que en inglés el sujeto gramatical de la oración es el foco informacional, por lo tanto si queremos resaltar la causa más que el efecto, tenemos que mencionarla en primera posición.
Las expresiones de causa/efecto varian en función de lo que se escoje como información central. Podemos ir de la causa al efecto o bien del efecto a la causa. Recordad que en inglés el sujeto gramatical de la oración es el foco informacional, por lo tanto si queremos resaltar la causa más que el efecto, tenemos que mencionarla en primera posición.
1. Cuando queremos resaltar la causa:
Low-calorie diets are one cause of/ reason for/ source of weight loss.
Low-calorie diets often cause/ lead to/ result in/ affect weight loss.
As/Because/Since it rains less, water in Spain is scarce.
2. Cuando queremos resaltar el efecto:
Weight loss is an effect of/ a result of/ a consequence of low-calorie diet.
She lost weight because of / due to/ on account of/ as a result of a low-calorie diet.
Weight loss arises from/results from/is caused by/ is brought about by low-calorie diet.
It rains less in Spain. Therefore/So/Thus/Hence/Consequently, water is scarce.
Importante:
Observad que el verbo “result” se puede utilizar tanto para hablar de efectos como para hablar de causas. La diferencia reside en la preposición:
Skin cancer can result from prolongued exposure to sun. (Result-Cause)
Prolongued exposure to sun can result in skin cancer. (Cause-Result).
Ejercicios: La expresión de la relación de causa y efecto.
La expresión de la causalidad tiene una direccionalidad: si lo que importa es la causa tenemos que ponerla en primera posición en la oración, como sujeto gramatical. Si lo que queremos destacar son los efectos, estos tienen que ser el sujeto gramatical de la oración. Las expresiones que utilizamos irán cambiando en función de la direccionalidad de la relación de causa y efecto.
Leed las siguinetes oraciones y decidid si la presentación es de causa seguida por el efecto o, al revés, del efecto seguido por la causa.
- The current economic recession has resulted in high rates of unemployment.
- Cause-Effect
- Effect-Cause
-
Headaches are often caused by stress and loud noise.
- Cause-Effect
- Effect-Cause
Headaches are often caused by stress and loud noise.
- Cause-Effect
- Effect-Cause
-
Alligators almost became extinct due to excessive hunting.
- Cause-Effect
- Effect-Cause
Alligators almost became extinct due to excessive hunting.
- Cause-Effect
- Effect-Cause
-
Alcohol consumption may lead to tragic road accidents.
- Cause-Effect
- Effect-Cause
Alcohol consumption may lead to tragic road accidents.
- Cause-Effect
- Effect-Cause
-
Reading for blind people was revolutionised on account of the invention of Braille.
- Cause-Effect
- Effect-Cause
Reading for blind people was revolutionised on account of the invention of Braille.
- Cause-Effect
- Effect-Cause
-
A shortage of land for house building is a reason for increasing real estate prices.
- Cause-Effect
- Effect-Cause
A shortage of land for house building is a reason for increasing real estate prices.
- Cause-Effect
- Effect-Cause
-
Famine often results from prolongued droughts.
- Cause-Effect
- Effect-Cause
Famine often results from prolongued droughts.
- Cause-Effect
- Effect-Cause
Ejercicios: Expresiones idiomáticas para hablar de causa y efecto.
Para ampliar el léxico que utilizamos para hablar de las relaciones de causa y efecto os propongo el siguiente ejercicio. Tenéis que completar las oraciones con uno de los verbos de la lista, en su forma correcta:
breed, bring, mould, root, spark, spring
1. Social networks have about major changes in interpersonal relations.
2. School is considered young people's personality.
3. The assassination of the Archduke of Austria off the First World War.
4. Many workplace conflicts are in lack of communication.
5. Most creative ideas from analogy of some kind.
6. Success success and money money.
2. School is considered young people's personality.
3. The assassination of the Archduke of Austria off the First World War.
4. Many workplace conflicts are in lack of communication.
5. Most creative ideas from analogy of some kind.
6. Success success and money money.
Ejercicios: El léxico de la relación de causa y efecto en inglés académico.
Hay muchas maneras de expresar las relaciones de causa-efecto. Podemos utilizar conjunciones (because/since/as), adverbios (so/therefore/consequentl/thus, etc.) construcciones preposicionales (owing to/because of/on account of, etc), y diferentes verbos (to cause/to lead to/to result in, etc.).
En el ejercicio de hoy tenéis que rescribir las oraciones utilizando las palabras en mayúsculas.
1. DNA varies with age. It can be used as a biological clock. SINCE
, it can be used as a biological clock.
2. The subjects suffered from malnutrition. Their protein intake in the diet was low. ON ACCOUNT OF.
The subjects suffered from malnutrition .
3. Temperatures are increasing. The sea level is rising. AS A RESULT
Temperatures are increasing. .
4. Cerebral spinal fluid is pumped around the brain. It removes molecular detritus and toxic proteins WHICH LEADS TO
Cerebral spinal fluid is pumped around the brain, .
5. Wildflower meadows have been destroyed by intensive agriculture. Bumblebees and other wild bee species are threatened. BECAUSE OF
Bumblebees and other wild bee species are threatened .
6. Cancer is a consequence of industrial fumes. RESULT IN
Industrial .
7. Scary films produce a hormonal response in the body. 30 different hormones are produced. DUE TO
30 different hormones .
, it can be used as a biological clock.
2. The subjects suffered from malnutrition. Their protein intake in the diet was low. ON ACCOUNT OF.
The subjects suffered from malnutrition .
3. Temperatures are increasing. The sea level is rising. AS A RESULT
Temperatures are increasing. .
4. Cerebral spinal fluid is pumped around the brain. It removes molecular detritus and toxic proteins WHICH LEADS TO
Cerebral spinal fluid is pumped around the brain, .
5. Wildflower meadows have been destroyed by intensive agriculture. Bumblebees and other wild bee species are threatened. BECAUSE OF
Bumblebees and other wild bee species are threatened .
6. Cancer is a consequence of industrial fumes. RESULT IN
Industrial .
7. Scary films produce a hormonal response in the body. 30 different hormones are produced. DUE TO
30 different hormones .
Como hacer comparaciones y contrastes en inglés académico.
Muy amenudo tenemos que resaltar las diferencias y/o las similitudes entre objetos, personas, situaciones, etc. en el discurso académico. Aunque la manera más inmediata es utilizando el comparativo y el superlativo de los adjetivos o adverbios, existen también otras expresiones para comparar o contrastar. Las podemos dividir en dos grandes categorías:
1. Similitud/contraste dentro de la oración (dos entidades diferentes)
(i) Similitud
A is like / is similar to / resembles B with respect to weight.
Both A and B weigh 30 kilos.
A is as heavy as/ no heavier than B.
A weighs the same as B.
(ii) Contraste
A is unlike/ is different from/ contrasts with B with respect to weight.
A weighs 20 kilos, whereas/while/but B weighs 30.
A is heavier than/ not as heavy as B.
2. Comparación/contraste entre dos oraciones (la misma entidad)
(i) Similitud
A is expensive to produce. Similarly /Likewise/ Correspondingly, it is difficult to sell.
(ii) Contraste
A is expensive to produce. On the other hand/ In contrast/ Conversely, it doesn’t need a lot of maintenance.
Importante:
Quiero destacar las preposiciones de los siguientes adjetivos: similar to/ different from/ same as.
Ejercicios: Expresiones para comparar y contrastar en inglés académico.
El ejercicio recoje algunas de las expresiones más habituales para comparar y contrastar en inglés académico. Tenéis que completar las oraciones con la palabra adecuada (la preposición que acompaña os debería servir de pista). Hay dos casos en que existe más de una posibilidad.
1. Madrid is to Barcelona with respect to the amount of cultural events.
2. Barcelona is from Madrid in that it has a port and numerous beaches.
3. Barcelona with Madrid in the amount of public ministeries.
4. Barcelona Madrid in that both cities have a good network of public transport.
5. Madrid is a big city. In , it is easy to move around it.
6. Madrid and Barcelona are important cities in Spain.
7. Housing prices are higher in Barcelona in Madrid.
8. Buying a flat in Barcelona is expensive. On the other , food and clothes are rather cheap.
9. Travelling by train from Barcelona to Madrid is expensive, travelling by plane is often quite cheap.
10. Barcelona is a bustling business centre. , it has a vibrant night life.
2. Barcelona is from Madrid in that it has a port and numerous beaches.
3. Barcelona with Madrid in the amount of public ministeries.
4. Barcelona Madrid in that both cities have a good network of public transport.
5. Madrid is a big city. In , it is easy to move around it.
6. Madrid and Barcelona are important cities in Spain.
7. Housing prices are higher in Barcelona in Madrid.
8. Buying a flat in Barcelona is expensive. On the other , food and clothes are rather cheap.
9. Travelling by train from Barcelona to Madrid is expensive, travelling by plane is often quite cheap.
10. Barcelona is a bustling business centre. , it has a vibrant night life.
Ejercicios: Maneras de hablar de similitudes y diferencias.
En el ejercicio de hoy os presento algunas construcciones preposicionales para expresar las relaciones de similitud o contraste.
Completad las oraciones con una de las palabras de la lista:
contrast, comparable, compared, equated, equivalent, tantamount
1. Not quoting your sources is to stealing intellectual property.
2. An earlier start is often to a higher proficiency level when learning a foreign language.
3. Group A was more homogeneous to group B.
4. Because of the different protocol used, our data are not to those presented in Smith (2000).
5. In to what was predicted at the beginning of the study, no differences were found between the control and test groups.
6. Foreign language learning is not to second language learning.
2. An earlier start is often to a higher proficiency level when learning a foreign language.
3. Group A was more homogeneous to group B.
4. Because of the different protocol used, our data are not to those presented in Smith (2000).
5. In to what was predicted at the beginning of the study, no differences were found between the control and test groups.
6. Foreign language learning is not to second language learning.
Ejercicios: La diversidad de la expresión de la similitud y del contraste.
La expresión de la similitud y del contraste se puede hacer mediante el uso de diferentes recursos lingüísticos como sustantivos, verbos, adjetivos, adverbios, preposiciones y conjunciones. En el ejercicio de hoy tenéis que completar las oraciones con una de las palabras de la lista (la categoría gramatical o léxica de la palabra está indicada antes de cada ejemplo):
different, similarities, similarly, vary, whereas, unlike
Verb
Images of femininity and masculinity significantly by ethnicity.
Adjective
Originally, a long time ago, they used a completely melodic scale to ours.
Noun
between Jean of Brittany's position and that of Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke (c. 1270-1324), have been pointed out.
Adverb
, reporting on domestic abuse doubled in the London area between 1991-92.
Conjunction
Regular continuous aerobic exercise like brisk walking is a fat burning activity start-stop anaerobic exercises like squash and tennis are carboydrate burning activities.
Preposition
the Scandinavian seafarers, the 16th century Russians enjoyed an enormous military advantage over indigenous people due to their guns.
Images of femininity and masculinity significantly by ethnicity.
Adjective
Originally, a long time ago, they used a completely melodic scale to ours.
Noun
between Jean of Brittany's position and that of Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke (c. 1270-1324), have been pointed out.
Adverb
, reporting on domestic abuse doubled in the London area between 1991-92.
Conjunction
Regular continuous aerobic exercise like brisk walking is a fat burning activity start-stop anaerobic exercises like squash and tennis are carboydrate burning activities.
Preposition
the Scandinavian seafarers, the 16th century Russians enjoyed an enormous military advantage over indigenous people due to their guns.
Las referencias bibliográficas en el texto académico en inglés.
Los escritos académicos se construyen en general a partir de otros escritos anteriormente publicados cuyas conclusiones sirven de punto de partida para los nuevos estudios. Es muy importante hacer referencias explícitas a las fuentes utilizadas para la investigación. No acreditar las fuentes equivale, muy amenudo, a un “suicidio académico” sobretodo hoy en día, cuando es muy fácil detectar el plagio.
En la lección de hoy os presento algunas estrategias para diversificar la manera de referenciar vuestras fuentes en el texto. Estas estrategias se pueden dividir en dos grandes categorías:
1. Enfocar el autor de un estudio
(i) According to X (2007),…..
(ii) el nombre del autor + el año de la publicación entre paréntesis + un verbo “dicendi”: X (2007)states/ claims/ argues/ suggests/ stresses/ highlights/ demonstrates/ points out/ indicates,etc. that….
2. Enfocar el contenido del estudio:
(i) It + la forma pasiva de un verbo dicendi: It has been demonstrated/ shown/ claimed/ argued,etc. that…
(ii) There + la forma de present perfect del “to be” + sustantivo: There has been considerable debate on/ argument about/ interest in/ concern about/ recent evidence that….
(iii) Sustantivo con valor general + verbo dicendi: Recent studies/ research show/shows/ have shown/has shown that…
Importante:
Cuando el enfoque se orienta hacia el contenido, la referencia a los autores se hace al final de la oración, entre paréntesis.
Cuando el enfoque se orienta hacia el contenido, la referencia a los autores se hace al final de la oración, entre paréntesis.
It has been shown that a vegan diet is healthier than a meat-based diet (Langley, 1995).
Ejercicios: Como hacer referencias bibliográficas en textos académicos.
Este es un ejercicio de transformación de oraciones para tomar conciencia de las diferentes maneras de citar sus fuentes en el escrito académico. Rescribid las oraciones utilizando las palabras entre paréntesis.
1. Ramona et al. (2008) assert that family business is an emerging aspect of entrepreneurship.(ACCORDING)
family business is an emerging aspect of entrepreneurship.
2. David and Harveston (1998) suggested that family businesses are the most dominant form of business in the US. (IT)
that family businesses are the most dominant form of business in the US (Davind and Harveston, 1998).
3. Studies reveal that media plays a significant part in perpetuating stereotypes and setting standards for (women) candidates (Gidengil, 2003). (GIDENGIL)
that media plays a significant part in perpetuating stereotypes and setting standards for (women) candidates.
4. Research studies undertaken in different contexts show that women are more inclined to study foreign languages and second languages and they usually outperform their male counterparts (Pavlenko, 2008; Sunderland, 2000). (IT)
that women are more inclined to study foreign languages and second languages and they usually outperform their male counterparts (Pavlenko, 2008; Sunderland, 2000).
5. Dalton-Puffer (2007) states that the language learning outcomes of CLIL are satisfactory as CLIL students attain a foreign language competence well above that of students enrolled in regular courses. (EVIDENCE)
There that the language learning outcomes of CLIL are satisfactory as CLIL students attain a foreign language competence well above that of students enrolled in regular courses (Dalton-Puffer, 2007).
6. Furham and Heaven (1998) point out that social class has an effect on children's attitudes towards learning and academic performance in general.(ACCORDING)
social class has an effect on children's attitudes towards learning and academic performance in general.
7. Research has consistently shown that vegetarians, and particularly vegans, are leaner than their omnivorous counterparts (Berkow and Barnard, 2006; Rosell et al., 2006; Spencer et al., 2003; Tonstad et al., 2009). (IT)
that vegetarians, and particularly vegans, are leaner than their omnivorous counterparts (Berkow and Barnard, 2006; Rosell et al., 2006; Spencer et al., 2003; Tonstad et al., 2009).
8. Evidence suggests that a vegetarian diet may help in both the prevention and management of hypertension (Berkow and Barnard, 2005). (BERKOW AND BARNARD)
that a vegetarian diet may help in both the prevention and management of hypertension.
family business is an emerging aspect of entrepreneurship.
2. David and Harveston (1998) suggested that family businesses are the most dominant form of business in the US. (IT)
that family businesses are the most dominant form of business in the US (Davind and Harveston, 1998).
3. Studies reveal that media plays a significant part in perpetuating stereotypes and setting standards for (women) candidates (Gidengil, 2003). (GIDENGIL)
that media plays a significant part in perpetuating stereotypes and setting standards for (women) candidates.
4. Research studies undertaken in different contexts show that women are more inclined to study foreign languages and second languages and they usually outperform their male counterparts (Pavlenko, 2008; Sunderland, 2000). (IT)
that women are more inclined to study foreign languages and second languages and they usually outperform their male counterparts (Pavlenko, 2008; Sunderland, 2000).
5. Dalton-Puffer (2007) states that the language learning outcomes of CLIL are satisfactory as CLIL students attain a foreign language competence well above that of students enrolled in regular courses. (EVIDENCE)
There that the language learning outcomes of CLIL are satisfactory as CLIL students attain a foreign language competence well above that of students enrolled in regular courses (Dalton-Puffer, 2007).
6. Furham and Heaven (1998) point out that social class has an effect on children's attitudes towards learning and academic performance in general.(ACCORDING)
social class has an effect on children's attitudes towards learning and academic performance in general.
7. Research has consistently shown that vegetarians, and particularly vegans, are leaner than their omnivorous counterparts (Berkow and Barnard, 2006; Rosell et al., 2006; Spencer et al., 2003; Tonstad et al., 2009). (IT)
that vegetarians, and particularly vegans, are leaner than their omnivorous counterparts (Berkow and Barnard, 2006; Rosell et al., 2006; Spencer et al., 2003; Tonstad et al., 2009).
8. Evidence suggests that a vegetarian diet may help in both the prevention and management of hypertension (Berkow and Barnard, 2005). (BERKOW AND BARNARD)
that a vegetarian diet may help in both the prevention and management of hypertension.
Ejercicios: Formas verbales en el artículo académico.
Los artículos académicos suelen tener la siguiente estructura: un “abstract” (un resumen de un párrafo del artículo), una introducción, una sección de metodologia, un apartado de resultados y una discusión. Respecto a las formas verbales, cada una de las secciones tiene sus formas predilectas. Por ejemplo, en la metodologia se suele utilizar el pasado pasivo, mientras que en la introducción abundan el presente, el present perfect o el pasado simple.
Les propongo trabajar hoy con algunos fragmentos de artículos académicos e intentar utilizar los verbos entre paréntesis en la forma correcta.
1. The literature on L2 learning motivation often (indicate) that the specific learning contexts to which learners are exposed may have a definitive influence on their motivational levels (Bradford 2007; Clément and Kruidenier 1983; Dornyei 2001).
2. Albert and Obler (1978) (review) a series of post-mortem studies on polyglot brains – brains of people who spoke from three to twenty-six languages - and (find) that certain parts of these brains were especially well developed and markedly furrowed.
3.Four versions of the questionnaire (create) based on previous research (Vispoel and Austin 1995) and our research questions, with items reflecting the causal structure mentioned above (Table 1) and the attributions for success and failure found in previous studies. Each version of the questionnaire (give) to either students in a reading class, or an oral communication class, with half the class being given a questionnaire that focused on success, and half being given a questionnaire that focused on failure.
4. This study (attempt) to show the ways in which “textual devices” are used in the prefaces, namely personal pronouns, attitude markers and adjectives, and boosters where they clearly function to demonstrate the social practices of writers as expert members of discourse communities.
5. The aim of this paper (be) to explore a genre, the textbook blurb, in one particular discipline, construction engineering and architecture. Although restricted to these highly specialised disciplines, the results of the analysis of the dual professional and pedagogical character of the textbook (suggest) their applicability to other disciplines, as well as to possible disciplinary variation, which a cross-disciplinary analysis of textbook blurbs in other disciplines might reveal.
2. Albert and Obler (1978) (review) a series of post-mortem studies on polyglot brains – brains of people who spoke from three to twenty-six languages - and (find) that certain parts of these brains were especially well developed and markedly furrowed.
3.Four versions of the questionnaire (create) based on previous research (Vispoel and Austin 1995) and our research questions, with items reflecting the causal structure mentioned above (Table 1) and the attributions for success and failure found in previous studies. Each version of the questionnaire (give) to either students in a reading class, or an oral communication class, with half the class being given a questionnaire that focused on success, and half being given a questionnaire that focused on failure.
4. This study (attempt) to show the ways in which “textual devices” are used in the prefaces, namely personal pronouns, attitude markers and adjectives, and boosters where they clearly function to demonstrate the social practices of writers as expert members of discourse communities.
5. The aim of this paper (be) to explore a genre, the textbook blurb, in one particular discipline, construction engineering and architecture. Although restricted to these highly specialised disciplines, the results of the analysis of the dual professional and pedagogical character of the textbook (suggest) their applicability to other disciplines, as well as to possible disciplinary variation, which a cross-disciplinary analysis of textbook blurbs in other disciplines might reveal.
Ejercicios: Verbos para introducir las referencias bibliográficas.
Existen muchos tipos de verbos para introducir las referencias bibliográficas en un escrito académico.Esta variedad nos permite incorporar matices en la manera de redactar la literature review.
Les propongo familiarizaros con algunos de estos verbos típicos de las referencias bibliográficas en el texto académico.
X suggests/hints at...
X states/claims that...
X argues/accounts for...
X emphasizes/points out that..
X establishes/proves that...
X contends/disputes that...
X notes/ mentions that..
X gives particular importance to something
X gives several reasons for a claim
X says indirectly or tentatively
X disagrees with previous points of view
X shows that something is true
X refers to something briefly
X says something is true directly and firml
Ejercicios: El lenguaje crítico o evaluativo en el discurso académico.
Los matices son muy importantes en el discurso académico tanto para suavizar (los hedges) como para intensificar una afirmación (los boosters). Hoy complementaremos esta lista con algunos adjetivos evaluativos que nos permiten alabar o criticar la contribución científica de un compañero de profesión. Como siempre, es muy importante encontrar el tono justo que nos permita ser corteses pero íntegros como investigadores si, por ejemplo, discrepamos con el punto de vista de otro investigador o detectamos un fallo en su razonamiento.
Les propongo reconstruir las siguientes expresiones muy habituales en los artículos científicos desplazando los sustantivos de la derecha hasta los adjetivos de abajo.
comprehensive
rigorous/thorough
seminal
innovative/welcome
key/main
potential
flawed
puzzling
relevant
limited
issue/point/idea
study
shortcoming
result/finding/conclusion
example
corpus/scope
contribution to the field
review of the literature
data interpretation
analysis
Ejercicios: Estrategias de cohesión en los “abstracts”
En el ejercicio de hoy practicaremos la cohesión mediante pronombres y determinantes en losabstracts (los resúmenes que encabezan los artículos científicos).
Completad los textos con los determinantes this o these o con los pronombres it o its.
Abstract 1
(Nassaji, H and Fotos, S. (2004). Current developments in research on the teaching of grammar. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 24: 126-145)
With the rise of comunicative methodology in the late 1970s, the role of grammar instruction in second language learning was downplayed, and was even suggested that teaching gramar was not only unhelpful but might actually be detrimental. However, recent research has demonstrated the need for formal instruction for learners to attain high levels of accuracy. has led to a resurgence of grammar teaching, and role in second language acquisition has become the focus of much current investigation. In chapter we briefly review the major developments in the research on the teaching of grammar over the past few decades. review addresses two man issues: (...). To end, the chapter examines research on the different ways in which formal instruction can be integrated with communicative activities.
Abstract
(Ellis, R. (2006). Current issues in the teaching of grammar: an SLA perspective. TESOL Quarterly 40(1): 83-107)
The sudy of how learners acqire a second language (SL) has helped to shape thinking about how to teach the grammar of a second language. There remain, however, a number of controversial issues. paper considers eight key questions relating to grammar pedagogy in the light of findings from SLA. As such, article complements Celce-Murcia's (1991) article on grammar teaching in the 25th anniversary issue of TESOL Quarterly, which considered the role of grammar in a communicative curriculum and drew predominantly on a linguistic theory of grammar. eight questions address whether grmmar should be taught and if so what grammar, when, and how. Although SLA does not afford definitive solutions to questions, serves the valuable purpose of problematising aspect of language pedagogy. article concludes with a statement of my own beliefsabout grammar, grounded in my own understanding of SLA.
(Nassaji, H and Fotos, S. (2004). Current developments in research on the teaching of grammar. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 24: 126-145)
With the rise of comunicative methodology in the late 1970s, the role of grammar instruction in second language learning was downplayed, and was even suggested that teaching gramar was not only unhelpful but might actually be detrimental. However, recent research has demonstrated the need for formal instruction for learners to attain high levels of accuracy. has led to a resurgence of grammar teaching, and role in second language acquisition has become the focus of much current investigation. In chapter we briefly review the major developments in the research on the teaching of grammar over the past few decades. review addresses two man issues: (...). To end, the chapter examines research on the different ways in which formal instruction can be integrated with communicative activities.
Abstract
(Ellis, R. (2006). Current issues in the teaching of grammar: an SLA perspective. TESOL Quarterly 40(1): 83-107)
The sudy of how learners acqire a second language (SL) has helped to shape thinking about how to teach the grammar of a second language. There remain, however, a number of controversial issues. paper considers eight key questions relating to grammar pedagogy in the light of findings from SLA. As such, article complements Celce-Murcia's (1991) article on grammar teaching in the 25th anniversary issue of TESOL Quarterly, which considered the role of grammar in a communicative curriculum and drew predominantly on a linguistic theory of grammar. eight questions address whether grmmar should be taught and if so what grammar, when, and how. Although SLA does not afford definitive solutions to questions, serves the valuable purpose of problematising aspect of language pedagogy. article concludes with a statement of my own beliefsabout grammar, grounded in my own understanding of SLA.
Ejercicios: Los conectores discursivos en los escritos académicos.
Los conectores discursivos son esenciales en un texto académico para entrelazar las ideas y llevar al lector desde principio hasta el final del texto mediante una red de relaciones semánticas. Las selección de los conectores tiene que ser meticulosa, evitando las repeticiones y los conectores innecesarios.
Para proporcionaros un ejercicio, he escogido un fragmento de el siguiente artículo: Lesniewska, J. and Witalisz, E. (2007). Cross-linguistic influence and acceptability judgements of L2 and L1 collocations. EUROSLA Yearbook 7: 27-48. Completad el texto con uno de los conectores discursivos de la lista:
further, furthermore, however, indeed, though, while.
(...) This is the general sense in which the term "collocation" is used in the studies we discuss in the literature review section below. , there is no agreement on how precisely to delimit the category, especially on how to draw the boundary between combinations which are still "free" and those which are already "restricted". , it is the notion of "restrictedness" that proves most difficult to apply in practice as a criterion, attempts have been made in this direction (see...). It is noticeable that some words, such as "very", have a wide collocational range, i.e. they can co-occur with many others ("very beautiful", "very true", "very weak"), others are restricted to a certain group of collocates, for example , "torrential" usually occurs with "rain" and with a small group of related words, such as "storm". , this distinction proves problematic when one tries to count the specific number of collocates, or to set a cut-off point at which the combination becomes "restricted". The situation is complicated even by the fact that it is unclear to what extent the restricted collocability of some words is the result of their semantic properties.
Ejercicios: Phrasal verbs y el registro formal en los escritos.
Los phrasal verbs no están prohibidos en los textos académicos – hay algunos muy populares, comocarry out o point out, pero otros son muy inadecuados (por ejemplo, get rid of). El hecho de utilizar un registro formal requiere dosificar la presencia de los phrasal verbs y optar por un equivalente más formal.
En el ejercicio de hoy os propongo descubrir algunos de los sinónimos más formales de algunos de estosphrasal verbs. Tenéis que desplazar los verbos de la derecha hasta su phrasal verb correspondiente de abajo.
carry out (an experiment)
find out (a potential cause)
weigh out (the pros and cons)
look into (a situation)
point out (a defect)
work out (a strategy)
come up with (a solution)
sum up
turn (raw numbers) into (percentages)
get rid of (the outliers)
eliminate
examine
conclude
provide
convert
determine
identify
conduct
establish
assess
Ejercicios: Maneras de hablar de similitudes y diferencias.
En el ejercicio de hoy os presento algunas construcciones preposicionales para expresar las relaciones de similitud o contraste.
Completad las oraciones con una de las palabras de la lista:
contrast, comparable, compared, equated, equivalent, tantamount
1. Not quoting your sources is to stealing intellectual property.
2. An earlier start is often to a higher proficiency level when learning a foreign language.
3. Group A was more homogeneous to group B.
4. Because of the different protocol used, our data are not to those presented in Smith (2000).
5. In to what was predicted at the beginning of the study, no differences were found between the control and test groups.
6. Foreign language learning is not to second language learning.
2. An earlier start is often to a higher proficiency level when learning a foreign language.
3. Group A was more homogeneous to group B.
4. Because of the different protocol used, our data are not to those presented in Smith (2000).
5. In to what was predicted at the beginning of the study, no differences were found between the control and test groups.
6. Foreign language learning is not to second language learning.
El estilo nominal en inglés académico.
La escritura académica en inglés se caracteriza por una compactación de la información en grupos nominales con tres o más componentes. Esto la distingue del registro oral, que es más flexible. De este modo, “tasks which involve the visualisation of objects in space” se reduce a “spatial object visualisation tasks”. Los grupos nominales son, se podría decir, el “sello” de cada autor y, con práctica, uno puede crear sus propios sintagmas nominales.
Estos grupos nominales elaborados requieren un esfurzo de descodificación y por eso se debe intentar no usarlos más de lo necesario, por muy académicos que suenen.
Los grupos nominales pueden estar compuestos integralmente de nombres o también pueden contener adjetivos.
Destacamos dos tipos de grupos nominales:
1. Grupos formados exclusivamente por sustantivos
factors which cause stress at work — work stress factors
the distribution of tasks in the lab — lab task distribution (a veces, uno de los sustantivos se utiliza en su forma de singular)
the rate of response to some questions —- question response rate
2. Grupos donde dos palabras están relacionadas con un guión
a test based on the use of a computer — a computer-based test
a problem related to the lack of money — a money-related problem.
Ejercicios: Transformaciones con grupos nominales.
Los grupos nominales complejos requieren un poco de práctica y de “gimnasia” sintáctica. Os dejo con algunas frases en su versión larga que necesitan ser destiladas en un grupo nominal. Se trata tanto de grupos nominales formados exclusivamente por sustantivos como de grupos nominales que contienen adjetivos y/o guiones.
1. a theory of the acquisition of a foreign language
theory
2. an explanatory model of multiple factors
a - model
3. a naturalistic environment where people speak English
a - environment
4. a model of the growth of vocabulary
a model
5. a theory which was tested empirically
an theory
6. deficiencies which are related to language
- deficiencies
7. criteria for the reliabiliy of the assessment
criteria
8. patterns of intraction in the classroom
patterns
9. instruction based on tasks
- instruction
10. aptitude for languages which was inherited
aptitude
1. a theory of the acquisition of a foreign language
theory
2. an explanatory model of multiple factors
a - model
3. a naturalistic environment where people speak English
a - environment
4. a model of the growth of vocabulary
a model
5. a theory which was tested empirically
an theory
6. deficiencies which are related to language
- deficiencies
7. criteria for the reliabiliy of the assessment
criteria
8. patterns of intraction in the classroom
patterns
9. instruction based on tasks
- instruction
10. aptitude for languages which was inherited
aptitude
Ejercicios: Combinaciones típicas de adjetivos y sustantivos en inglés académico.
Continuamos con la práctica de los grupos nominales en el discurso académico. Aquí os propongo practicar con algunas combinaciones típicas (“collocations”) de adjetivos y sustantivos. Cada especialidad tiene sus “collocations” así que os invito a apuntar las vuestras cada vez que leéis un artículo o escucháis una presentación.
En el ejercicio de hoy tenéis que relacionar los adjetivos de la izquierda con un sustantivo de la derecha.
extensive
heated
representative
controversial
strong
starting
clear
testing
raw
valid
debate
claim
argument
research
results
point
sample
distinction
data
ground
Ejercicios: La derivación nominal en inglés académico.
La creación de sustantivos abstractos a partir, principalmente, de verbos es un recurso básico en el discurso académico. Por un lado, nos permite hacer economía de las palabras (contrastad, por ejemplo, Another relevant aspect is that we can detect the CO2 levels accurately vs. The accurate detection of the CO2 levels is relevant). La derivación nominal es también una estrategia de cohesión discursiva – utilizamos el sustantivo para hacer referencia a una información presentada anteriormente. Por ejemplo, The data were analysed using the SPSS software. The analysis revealed….
Hay un amplia variedad de sufijos que nos permiten obtener sustantivos abstractos a partir de verbos. Les dejo con un ejercicio en el que tenéis precisamente que derivar sustantivos a partir de los verbos de la izquierda. Se trata de sustantivos abstractos.
Example: to integrate - integration
Ejercicios: El lenguaje crítico o evaluativo en el discurso académico.
Los matices son muy importantes en el discurso académico tanto para suavizar (los hedges) como para intensificar una afirmación (los boosters). Hoy complementaremos esta lista con algunos adjetivos evaluativos que nos permiten alabar o criticar la contribución científica de un compañero de profesión. Como siempre, es muy importante encontrar el tono justo que nos permita ser corteses pero íntegros como investigadores si, por ejemplo, discrepamos con el punto de vista de otro investigador o detectamos un fallo en su razonamiento.
Les propongo reconstruir las siguientes expresiones muy habituales en los artículos científicos desplazando los sustantivos de la derecha hasta los adjetivos de la izquierda.
- comprehensive
- rigorous/thorough
- seminal
- innovative/welcome
- key/main
- potential
- flawed
- puzzling
- relevant
- limited
review of the literature
result/finding/conclusion
corpus/scope
example
contribution to the field
data interpretation
study
analysis
shortcoming
issue/point/idea
Ejercicios: Expresiones para matizar el discurso académico.
La matización del discurso o el “hedging” es una característica de los escritos académicos, especialmente de los artículos científicos. El “hedging” se puede hacer con verbos modales, adverbios y adjetivos. Les propongo un ejercicio de transformación de frases utilizando las palabras entre paréntesis.
1. Young people are overexposed to TV. (appear)
Young people overexposed to TV.
2. The drug lowers arterial blood pressure. (likely)
The drug arterial blood pressure.
3. Teachers disagree with the new education law. (tend)
Teachers with the new education law.
4. The answers were biased by the format of the questions. (could)
The answers by the format of the questions.
5. The study was incorrectly designed. (presumably)
The study .
6. The new study plane will lead to a significantly better learning outcome. (should)
The new study plan to a signficantly better learning outcome.
7. It is believed that adults struggle more than teenagers when learning a foreign language. (generally)
It that adults struggle more than teenagers when learning a foreign language.
Young people overexposed to TV.
2. The drug lowers arterial blood pressure. (likely)
The drug arterial blood pressure.
3. Teachers disagree with the new education law. (tend)
Teachers with the new education law.
4. The answers were biased by the format of the questions. (could)
The answers by the format of the questions.
5. The study was incorrectly designed. (presumably)
The study .
6. The new study plane will lead to a significantly better learning outcome. (should)
The new study plan to a signficantly better learning outcome.
7. It is believed that adults struggle more than teenagers when learning a foreign language. (generally)
It that adults struggle more than teenagers when learning a foreign language.
Coherencia y cohesión en el discurso académico.
La coherencia y la cohesión son dos características esenciales del discurso académico. Por coherencia (coherence) entendemos la existencia de un hilo conductor que vincula todos los argumentos o las ideas que constituyen el texto. Por ejemplo, en un texto argumentativo, los argumentos que constituyen el cuerpo del texto están relacionados con la tesis expuesta en la introducción (más detalles en la lección Como escribir un texto argumentativo en inglés. La coherencia del texto se manifesta, entre otros, en la repetición de palabras clave y el uso de sinónimos para evitar redundancias.
La cohesión de un texto (cohesion) es una característica de la forma y no tanto del contenido del texto. Se trata de los medios lingüísticos que se utilizan en un texto para establecer relaciones lógicas entre ideas y/o partes del texto.
Las principales estrategias de cohesión textual son:
1. Los conectores discursivos (ver la lección en el Curso Avanzado Los conectores discursivos en inglés)
2. Los pronombres pesonales y relativos (“who, which, that”)
3. Algunos determinates, como los demostrativos (“this/these; that/those”) o los posesivos(“my, your, his”, etc.),etc.
4. Expresiones locativas de tipo “mentioned above/below”
5. Otras expresiones, por ejemplo “a type/kind of”, “such” etc.
En el siguiente fragmento, los marcadores de cohesión estan en negrita:
“Like first language learners, second language learners do not learn language simply through imitation and practice. They produce sentences that are not exactly like those they have heard.These new sentences appear to be based on internal cognitive processes and prior knowledge thatinteract with the knowledge they hear around them. Consequently, both first and second language acquisition are best described as developing systems with their own evolving rules and patterns, not as imperfect versions of the taret language.” (ejemplo adaptado, Lightbown y Spada, 2006).
Ejercicios: Practicar con la cohesión discursiva en los artículos científicos.
Con este ejercicio os propongo familiarizaros con las múltiples estrategias de cohesión discursiva en los escritos académicos. He escogido un fragmento del libro “How Laguages are Learned” de Patsy M. Lightbown y Nina Spada (2006: 57).
Tenéis que completar el texto con una de las palabras de la lista:
above, for example, however, it, kind, that, this(x2), they, whose.
Over the years, some research has shown that IQ scores were a good means of predicting success in second language learning. , as suggested , IQ tests may be more strongly related to metalinguistic knowledge than to communicative ability. , in a study with students in French immersion programmes in Canada, Fred Genesee (1976) found that, while intelligence was related to the development of French second language reading, grammar, and vocabulary, was unrelated to oral production skills. suggests that the of ability measured by traditional IQ tests may be a strong predictor when it comes to learning involves language analysis and rule learning. kind of "intelligence" may play a less important role in classrooms where the instruction focuses more on communication and interaction. Indeed, many students general academic performance is weak experience considerable success in second language learning if are given the right opportunities.
Ejercicios: Los pronombres y los conectores discursivos como estrategias de cohesión textual.
Los pronombres y los conectores discursivos tejen una red de conexiones internas en un texto académico.
Los pronombres, pueden tener un antecedente explícito en la oración anterior
There has been a dramatic fall in real estate prices. It has affected all types of real estate.
o simplemente hacer referencia a toda la oración anterior
There has been a dramatic fall in real estate prices, which means that more people have access to purchasing property.
There has been a dramatic fall in real estate prices. This means that more people have access to purchasing property.
Los determinantes demostrativos “this/that/these/those” también contribuyen a esta cohesión textual.
Os propongo practicar de nuevo con las estrategias de cohesión discursiva. Completad el texto con uno de los pronombres, determinantes demostrativos y conectores de la siguiente lista (algunos de ellos se repiten, tal como se indica entre paréntesis):
as, especially, however, it, they, this (*2), thus, which (*3).
Water vapor, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are relatively inefficient absorbers of solar radiation. , absorb the long-wave radiation emitted from the surface and reradiate both back to the surface, producing an additional warming, and to space, maintains the balance with incoming solar radiation. means that, as a result, the current global mean surface temperature is substantially warmer than the effective radiating temperature (Te). increase in surface temperature above Te is known as the "greenhouse effect". The term greenhouse is applied to atmospheric gases are relatively transparent to solar radiation but absorb long-wave radiation, in a manner similar to glass in greenhouse. However, other processes contribute to the warming of a greenhouse, the containment of air which is warmer than the environment and which would otherwise rise and be replaced by air at environmental temperatures. , the term "greenhouse" is misleading, the atmospheric greenhouse effect is solely due to radiative processes.
Adapted from: Mitchell, J. (1989). "Greenhouse Effect". Reviews of Geophysics, 27(1), 115-139.
Adapted from: Mitchell, J. (1989). "Greenhouse Effect". Reviews of Geophysics, 27(1), 115-139.
Ejercicios: Los conectores discursivos en los escritos académicos.
Los conectores discursivos son esenciales en un texto académico para entrelazar las ideas y llevar al lector desde principio hasta el final del texto mediante una red de relaciones semánticas. Las selección de los conectores tiene que ser meticulosa, evitando las repeticiones y los conectores innecesarios.
Para proporcionaros un ejercicio, he escogido un fragmento de el siguiente artículo: Lesniewska, J. and Witalisz, E. (2007). Cross-linguistic influence and acceptability judgements of L2 and L1 collocations. EUROSLA Yearbook 7: 27-48. Completad el texto con uno de los conectores discursivos de la lista:
further, furthermore, however, indeed, though, while.
(...) This is the general sense in which the term "collocation" is used in the studies we discuss in the literature review section below. , there is no agreement on how precisely to delimit the category, especially on how to draw the boundary between combinations which are still "free" and those which are already "restricted". , it is the notion of "restrictedness" that proves most difficult to apply in practice as a criterion, attempts have been made in this direction (see...). It is noticeable that some words, such as "very", have a wide collocational range, i.e. they can co-occur with many others ("very beautiful", "very true", "very weak"), others are restricted to a certain group of collocates, for example , "torrential" usually occurs with "rain" and with a small group of related words, such as "storm". , this distinction proves problematic when one tries to count the specific number of collocates, or to set a cut-off point at which the combination becomes "restricted". The situation is complicated even by the fact that it is unclear to what extent the restricted collocability of some words is the result of their semantic properties.
Ejercicios: Estrategias de cohesión en los “abstracts”
En el ejercicio de hoy practicaremos la cohesión mediante pronombres y determinantes en losabstracts (los resúmenes que encabezan los artículos científicos).
Completad los textos con los determinantes this o these o con los pronombres it o its.
Abstract 1
(Nassaji, H and Fotos, S. (2004). Current developments in research on the teaching of grammar. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 24: 126-145)
With the rise of comunicative methodology in the late 1970s, the role of grammar instruction in second language learning was downplayed, and was even suggested that teaching gramar was not only unhelpful but might actually be detrimental. However, recent research has demonstrated the need for formal instruction for learners to attain high levels of accuracy. has led to a resurgence of grammar teaching, and role in second language acquisition has become the focus of much current investigation. In chapter we briefly review the major developments in the research on the teaching of grammar over the past few decades. review addresses two man issues: (...). To end, the chapter examines research on the different ways in which formal instruction can be integrated with communicative activities.
Abstract
(Ellis, R. (2006). Current issues in the teaching of grammar: an SLA perspective. TESOL Quarterly 40(1): 83-107)
The sudy of how learners acqire a second language (SL) has helped to shape thinking about how to teach the grammar of a second language. There remain, however, a number of controversial issues. paper considers eight key questions relating to grammar pedagogy in the light of findings from SLA. As such, article complements Celce-Murcia's (1991) article on grammar teaching in the 25th anniversary issue of TESOL Quarterly, which considered the role of grammar in a communicative curriculum and drew predominantly on a linguistic theory of grammar. eight questions address whether grmmar should be taught and if so what grammar, when, and how. Although SLA does not afford definitive solutions to questions, serves the valuable purpose of problematising aspect of language pedagogy. article concludes with a statement of my own beliefsabout grammar, grounded in my own understanding of SLA.
(Nassaji, H and Fotos, S. (2004). Current developments in research on the teaching of grammar. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 24: 126-145)
With the rise of comunicative methodology in the late 1970s, the role of grammar instruction in second language learning was downplayed, and was even suggested that teaching gramar was not only unhelpful but might actually be detrimental. However, recent research has demonstrated the need for formal instruction for learners to attain high levels of accuracy. has led to a resurgence of grammar teaching, and role in second language acquisition has become the focus of much current investigation. In chapter we briefly review the major developments in the research on the teaching of grammar over the past few decades. review addresses two man issues: (...). To end, the chapter examines research on the different ways in which formal instruction can be integrated with communicative activities.
Abstract
(Ellis, R. (2006). Current issues in the teaching of grammar: an SLA perspective. TESOL Quarterly 40(1): 83-107)
The sudy of how learners acqire a second language (SL) has helped to shape thinking about how to teach the grammar of a second language. There remain, however, a number of controversial issues. paper considers eight key questions relating to grammar pedagogy in the light of findings from SLA. As such, article complements Celce-Murcia's (1991) article on grammar teaching in the 25th anniversary issue of TESOL Quarterly, which considered the role of grammar in a communicative curriculum and drew predominantly on a linguistic theory of grammar. eight questions address whether grmmar should be taught and if so what grammar, when, and how. Although SLA does not afford definitive solutions to questions, serves the valuable purpose of problematising aspect of language pedagogy. article concludes with a statement of my own beliefsabout grammar, grounded in my own understanding of SLA.
Ejercicios: Cohesión discursiva con oraciones de participio.
En el ejercicio de hoy practicaremos la cohesión mediante oraciones de participio. El participio presente (Collecting the data we observed a problem with the questionnaires) y el participio perfeto (Having collected the data we observed a problem with the questinnaires) son una técnica muy habitual de cohesión discursiva en los escritos científicos.
Les propongo reescribir las oraciones del siguiente ejercicio utilizado oraciones de participio presente o de participio perfecto.
1. If we encourage metatalk among language learners, we may help them to make use of second language acquisition processes.
By among language learners, we may help them to make use of second language acquisition processes.
2. We have made some preliminary remarks and we shall move on to examining some classroom materials and activities.
, we shall move on to examining some classroom materials and activities.
3. As he reported on previous experiments, Smith (1983) evaluated the pros and cons of record keeping in the form of learner logs.
, Smith (1983) evaluated the pros and cons of record keeping in the form of learner logs.
4. Because we analysed the questionnaires, we were able to establish some common trends in our sample.
, we were able to establish some common trends in our sample.
5. If we analyse people's behaviour in retail centers, we can shed new light on impulse shopping habits.
By in retail centers, we can shed new light on impulse shopping habits.
By among language learners, we may help them to make use of second language acquisition processes.
2. We have made some preliminary remarks and we shall move on to examining some classroom materials and activities.
, we shall move on to examining some classroom materials and activities.
3. As he reported on previous experiments, Smith (1983) evaluated the pros and cons of record keeping in the form of learner logs.
, Smith (1983) evaluated the pros and cons of record keeping in the form of learner logs.
4. Because we analysed the questionnaires, we were able to establish some common trends in our sample.
, we were able to establish some common trends in our sample.
5. If we analyse people's behaviour in retail centers, we can shed new light on impulse shopping habits.
By in retail centers, we can shed new light on impulse shopping habits.
Ejercicios: Cohesión discursiva con oraciones de participio.
En el ejercicio de hoy practicaremos la cohesión mediante oraciones de participio. El participio presente (Collecting the data we observed a problem with the questionnaires) y el participio perfeto (Having collected the data we observed a problem with the questinnaires) son una técnica muy habitual de cohesión discursiva en los escritos científicos.
Les propongo reescribir las oraciones del siguiente ejercicio utilizado oraciones de participio presente o de participio perfecto.
1. If we encourage metatalk among language learners, we may help them to make use of second language acquisition processes.
By among language learners, we may help them to make use of second language acquisition processes.
2. We have made some preliminary remarks and we shall move on to examining some classroom materials and activities.
, we shall move on to examining some classroom materials and activities.
3. As he reported on previous experiments, Smith (1983) evaluated the pros and cons of record keeping in the form of learner logs.
, Smith (1983) evaluated the pros and cons of record keeping in the form of learner logs.
4. Because we analysed the questionnaires, we were able to establish some common trends in our sample.
, we were able to establish some common trends in our sample.
5. If we analyse people's behaviour in retail centers, we can shed new light on impulse shopping habits.
By in retail centers, we can shed new light on impulse shopping habits.
By among language learners, we may help them to make use of second language acquisition processes.
2. We have made some preliminary remarks and we shall move on to examining some classroom materials and activities.
, we shall move on to examining some classroom materials and activities.
3. As he reported on previous experiments, Smith (1983) evaluated the pros and cons of record keeping in the form of learner logs.
, Smith (1983) evaluated the pros and cons of record keeping in the form of learner logs.
4. Because we analysed the questionnaires, we were able to establish some common trends in our sample.
, we were able to establish some common trends in our sample.
5. If we analyse people's behaviour in retail centers, we can shed new light on impulse shopping habits.
By in retail centers, we can shed new light on impulse shopping habits.
Ejercicios: Oraciones subordinadas en el discurso académico.
La subordinación es otra estrategia más de cohesión discursiva en los textos académicos. Hay varios tipos de conjunciones, de entre los que destacan:
- Conjunciones de causa (because, since, as)
- Conjunciones de contraste (although, even though, though, whereas, etc.)
- Conjunciones de condición (if, even if, unless, etc.)
- Conjunciones de tiempo (when, while, etc.)
Os propongo practicar con algunas de las subordinadas más habituales en los textos académicos. Completad los siguientes extractos de dos artículos científicos con una de las conjunciones de la lista:
although, because, since, which, while, whereas, unless
Source: Sharwood-Smith, M.
(…)
Hence, input studies are studies of the language bath, that is, the actual language that the learner is exposed to. learners do not take in everything, one key question that concerns us here is what part of the information bath actually permeates the learner’s bath. Another question is what are the various ways in which that information, we as outsiders can observe, is transformed and used by the learner’s mind.
Source: Ellis, R.
Joe (1998) reports a study that compared learners’ acquisition of a set of target words (which they did not know prior to performing the task) in a narrative recall task under two conditions - with and without access to the text. She found that the learners who could see the text used the target words more frequently, the difference was evident only in verbatim use of the words not in generated use (i. e. they did not use the target words in original sentences).
(...)
performance options can be selected in advance of the actual performance of the task, process options must be taken in flight the task is being performed.
(...) the strategies were often not employed effectively ( e. g. the students were unable to clarify something they had said) suggesting that pre-task training in the use of communication strategies may not be effective students also learn how to scaffold each other cooperatively when performing the task.
(...)
Lee (2000) strongly recommends that teachers set strict time limits. This option is important it can influence the nature of the language students’ produce.
Como hacer referencia al material visual en el discurso académico.
Los artículos científicos y las presentaciones académicas están llenos de material visual (tablas, gráficos, figuras, etc.) que sistematízan la información de manera comprensible para el lector. Antes de hablar de las expresiones que utilizamos en inglés para referenciar este tipo de material, es importante recalcar que las tablas, los gráficos y las figuras tienen que llevar siempre un título. Un formato habitual de un título de figura es “Figure 1. Level test results per group”.
Hay diferentes estructuras que se pueden utilizar cuando nos referimos a un material visual:
Para hacer referencia al visual:
1. As can be seen/observed from/in Table/Graph/Figure/Chart 1 below/above, …
2. …… (see Table/Graph/Figure/Chart 1 below/above).
3.Table/Figure/etc. 1 above/below shows/illustrates/gives a gbreakdown of/ gives an example of….
Para hacer referencia al contenido del visual:
4. The results/data/values/etc. in Table/Figure/etc. 1 indicate/demonstrate/point to/show/support the claim/etc. that…
Las referencias al material visual abundan en la sección de resultados de un artículo o de una presentación. Es importante describir con claridad el contenido del visual, sobretodo la significación de sus componentes (columnas, ejes, valores numéricos, colores, etc.). Un visual mal explicado hace más daño que bien.
Ejercicios: El léxico de las descripciones de material visual en el discurso académico.
La descripción de un visual (gráfico, tabla, figura, etc.) suele consistir en tres partes: el tema del visual, el contenido informacional del visual y la evaluación de este contenido informacional. Os propongo examinar tres descripciones de material visual extraidas de un artículo de economia.
Tenéis que completar los huecos con una de las palabras de la lista:
above, appears, based, compares, emerge, explanation, focusing, overall, shows, suggesting.
Source: "Globalisation and Euro Area Trade Interactions and Challenges" by Ursel Baumann and Filippo di Mauro
(http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpops/ecbocp55.pdf)
1.Chart B the relationship between market shares and price competitiveness across euro area countries. on the period since 1998, there to be a positive correlation between relative export prices and export market shares at the euro area country level. , the correlation between changes in export market share and relative export prices is not particularly strong, however, that other determinants, such as non-price competitiveness, sectoral specialisation across countries and the different way of adjusting to globalisation also influence export market shares at the country level.
2. Table 4 shows the Balassa index of the euro area's revealed comparative advantage in the 17 sectors of the technology clasification in comparison wih its main developed and emerging competitors. Three key stylised factors , some of which can provide an as to why the euro area's export market share has held up relatively well vis-à-vis the other large developed economies (as seen in Charts 5 and 6 ).
3. Chart A the extent of product market regulation in the manufacturing and services sectors in the euro area with that in the US, the UK and Japan, on an index of product market regulation compiled by the OECD.
(http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpops/ecbocp55.pdf)
1.Chart B the relationship between market shares and price competitiveness across euro area countries. on the period since 1998, there to be a positive correlation between relative export prices and export market shares at the euro area country level. , the correlation between changes in export market share and relative export prices is not particularly strong, however, that other determinants, such as non-price competitiveness, sectoral specialisation across countries and the different way of adjusting to globalisation also influence export market shares at the country level.
2. Table 4 shows the Balassa index of the euro area's revealed comparative advantage in the 17 sectors of the technology clasification in comparison wih its main developed and emerging competitors. Three key stylised factors , some of which can provide an as to why the euro area's export market share has held up relatively well vis-à-vis the other large developed economies (as seen in Charts 5 and 6 ).
3. Chart A the extent of product market regulation in the manufacturing and services sectors in the euro area with that in the US, the UK and Japan, on an index of product market regulation compiled by the OECD.
Ejercicios: Expresiones para describir una imagen.
Cuando presentamos un poster o describimos una imagen tenemos que ubicar objetos o personas en el campo visual. Estas son algunas de las expresiones más habituales:
in the (very) center/middle (en el centro)
to the right/left of (a la derecha/izquierda de)
on the right/left side (a la derecha/izquierda)
in the top/bottom left/right corner (en la esquina superior/inferior izquierda/derecha)
in the foreground/background (en primer/segundo plano)
Mirad la siguiente imagen (el cuadro Arts of the West de Thomas Hart Benton) y completad la descripción en el ejercicio.

1. In the very the painting two men are loading and shooting guns.
2. of these men, three men are performing a concert.
3. In the , two men are trying to tame some horses.
4. In the , there is a dancing party.
5. In the , two men are playing cards.
6. In the , some men are playing horseshoe pitching.
2. of these men, three men are performing a concert.
3. In the , two men are trying to tame some horses.
4. In the , there is a dancing party.
5. In the , two men are playing cards.
6. In the , some men are playing horseshoe pitching.
Ejercicios de listening: Los Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs).
Aunque el tema del ejercicio no está directamente relacionado con la lección, aprovecho el término “visual” para presentaros un video sobre los MOOCs – los massive online open courses.
El video es una presentación de la filosofía de estos cursos. Les invito a verlo y luego a ordernar, utilizando números de 1 a 10, las ideas principales que se mencionan en el material.
MOOCs are a response from educational institutions in a time of information overload. 1
A MOOC is open because the information is accessible, free and shared.
The learner is the only one who can decide if the MOOC has been successful or not.
In the past, information was available mainly from schools and libraries.
A MOOC is not just an online course, it is a way of learning.
MOOCs promote learner-independence and networking.
The MOOCs have been created for a world where information is everywhere.
A MOOC supports life-long networked learning.
The information in a MOOC is distributive - it can be found all over the Internet.
Participants engage with other people's work.
A MOOC is open because the information is accessible, free and shared.
The learner is the only one who can decide if the MOOC has been successful or not.
In the past, information was available mainly from schools and libraries.
A MOOC is not just an online course, it is a way of learning.
MOOCs promote learner-independence and networking.
The MOOCs have been created for a world where information is everywhere.
A MOOC supports life-long networked learning.
The information in a MOOC is distributive - it can be found all over the Internet.
Participants engage with other people's work.
Ejercicios: Ideas para mejorar las presentaciones en PowerPoint en inglés.
Confieso que no soy ningún experto en presentaciones en PowerPoint. Caigo amenudo en la trampa del texto abrumador en cada una de las diapositivas aunque se que less is more – las diapositivas llenas de texto tienen poca efectividad comunicativa y dejan al público exhausto.
Para intentar salir de mi condición, he pedido ayuda a una compañera que me ha recomendado a Nancy Duarte, experta en comunicación visual. Sus consejos sobre como mejorar nuestras presentaciones me han gustado mucho, tanto que los quiero compartir con vosotros.
Les propongo mirar el vídeo y completar los consejos de Nancy con la palabra correcta.
1. When we prepare a PowerPoint, we tend to think .
2. We need to think about the and come up with a to establish a heart-to-heart connection with them.
3. Your presentation should be built around one main .
4. The main characteristic of a good slide is - you need to establish the order in which your audience should process information.
5. We need to the dominant idea in each slide. For this, we can use contrasting colour and .
6. It is important to minimise the amount of in the slides.
7. A PowerPoint can be used as a visual or as a visual .
8. The problem with slides that contain a lot of text is that your audience can read of you so your presentation is pointless.
2. We need to think about the and come up with a to establish a heart-to-heart connection with them.
3. Your presentation should be built around one main .
4. The main characteristic of a good slide is - you need to establish the order in which your audience should process information.
5. We need to the dominant idea in each slide. For this, we can use contrasting colour and .
6. It is important to minimise the amount of in the slides.
7. A PowerPoint can be used as a visual or as a visual .
8. The problem with slides that contain a lot of text is that your audience can read of you so your presentation is pointless.
El vocabulario académico en inglés.
Sería imposible recojer en este espacio el vocabulario académico en toda su diversidad. Simplemente intentaré resaltar algunas de las áreas del léxico académico que trabajaremos mediante ejercicios específicos en esta lección.
Podemos abordar la práctica del vocabulario académico a dos niveles:
1. Al nivel de los ítems lexicales
. Verbos: provide (an example), carry out (an experiment), wrap up (a lecture), etc.
. Sustantivos: an issue, a feature, a pattern, etc.
. Adjetivos: potential (problem), related to, typical of, etc.
. Adverbs: directly (linked to), mainly (concerned with), etc.
2. Al nivel de las combinaciones típicas de ítems lexicals
. Combinaciones (“collocations”) de adjetivos + sustantivos: heated debate, major contribution, etc.
. Combinaciones (“collocations”) de verbos + sustantivos: to reach a conclusion, to support a claim, etc.
. Construcciones preposicionales: on behalf of, on the basis of, etc.erbos: provide (an example), carry out (an experiment), wrap up (a lecture), etc.
Ejercicios: Phrasal verbs en el léxico académico en inglés.
Los “phrasal verbs” (verbos seguidos de una preposición que hace que cambie de sentido) abundan en el inglés académico, sobretodo en su versión oral. En el ejercicio de hoy os propongo familiarizaros con algunos de estos “phrasal verbs”.
Completad los huecos con uno de los verbos de la lista (algunos en su forma de particípio pasado):
backed up, carry out, fall behind, get across, go over, go through, looked into, point out, set up, work out.
1. I'd like to the main points we have covered in today's lecture.
2. We need to a series of experiments to test our hypothesis.
3. We an experimental and a control group.
4. I would like to that the data were collected by means of questionnaires and individual interviews.
5. You need to the solution to the following algebra problem.
6. your calculations carefully before submitting your assignment.
7. We are going to the project schedule if we don't do some overtime.
8. Our proposal is by statistical evidence.
9. The point I'm trying to is that individual factors should be taken into account when designing study plans.
10. Previously published studies should be before designing a new experimental procedure.
2. We need to a series of experiments to test our hypothesis.
3. We an experimental and a control group.
4. I would like to that the data were collected by means of questionnaires and individual interviews.
5. You need to the solution to the following algebra problem.
6. your calculations carefully before submitting your assignment.
7. We are going to the project schedule if we don't do some overtime.
8. Our proposal is by statistical evidence.
9. The point I'm trying to is that individual factors should be taken into account when designing study plans.
10. Previously published studies should be before designing a new experimental procedure.
Ejercicios: Verbos habituales en el discurso académico.
Hoy nos centramos en otro aspecto del vocabulario académico, concretamente en los verbos que se usan habitualmente en el discurso académico. Os aconsejo hacer un glosario de verbos típicos en los escritos de vuestra disciplina, recopilando no solamente el verbo sino también su contexto inmediato para ver las “collocations” que suele formar.
Tenéis que completar las siguientes oraciones con uno de los verbos en la lista:
advocates, avoid, claims, conducted, elicit, focus, distinguish, intend, outline, provide.
1. In this paper, we on two kinds of methane production: microbial and thermogenic.
2. Jones (1973) an increase in the amount of physical exercise undertaken as part of a weight reduction program, except in those cases where there is a medical condition.
3. In the test procedure to the data, each grammatical morpheme appeared in 4 different contexts.
4. Propagation of uncertainty in risk assessments: the need to between uncertainty due to lack of knowledge and uncertainty due to variability" (Hoffman and Hammonds, 1994)
5. We a series of experiments in several state schools across the country.
6. Herebelow we the elements of a model based on the interaction of 4 parameters: objective, motility, constraint and assimilation.
7. Smith (2000) that, when social solidarity is weakened or under threat, people react by evoking shared beliefs about impending catastrophe.
8. In Figure 6, we an example of central charges in the canonical realisation of asymptotic symmetries.
9. "Remembering words not presented in lists: Can we creating false memories?" (Gallo, Roberts and Seamon, 1997)
10. In this review, we to examine the interactions between the immune system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
2. Jones (1973) an increase in the amount of physical exercise undertaken as part of a weight reduction program, except in those cases where there is a medical condition.
3. In the test procedure to the data, each grammatical morpheme appeared in 4 different contexts.
4. Propagation of uncertainty in risk assessments: the need to between uncertainty due to lack of knowledge and uncertainty due to variability" (Hoffman and Hammonds, 1994)
5. We a series of experiments in several state schools across the country.
6. Herebelow we the elements of a model based on the interaction of 4 parameters: objective, motility, constraint and assimilation.
7. Smith (2000) that, when social solidarity is weakened or under threat, people react by evoking shared beliefs about impending catastrophe.
8. In Figure 6, we an example of central charges in the canonical realisation of asymptotic symmetries.
9. "Remembering words not presented in lists: Can we creating false memories?" (Gallo, Roberts and Seamon, 1997)
10. In this review, we to examine the interactions between the immune system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Ejercicios: Sustantivos en inglés académico.
Continuamos nuestra incursión en el léxico académico y esta vez ponemos el foco en algunos sustantivos habituales en artículos científicos y presentaciones académicas. La selección de sustantivos que os presento en el ejercicio tiene la particularidad de requerir una preposición obligatoria.
Relacionad las dos partes de las siguientes oraciones identificando la preposición correcta para cada uno de los sustanivos de la izquierda.
The main reason
A critical feature
One possible explanation
The view
Table 3 above shows an overview
This study provides further insight
We present an innovating approach
In this chapter we attempt to give an account
There seems to be an L1 influence
Researchers have shown interest
- in the complex semantic networks underlying our lexicon.
- of a lexicon might be how it responds to external input.
- on this issue was challenged by several recent studies.
- into the advanced stages of language learning.
- to using online chats in the EFL class.
- of the test scores obtained by the 32 subjects.
- on learners' L2 pronunciation.
- for running simulations with simplified models is that they force us to narrow down our assumptions.
- of the different theories and models of learner motivation.
- for the outcome of the experiment could relate to individual differences within the test groups.
Ejercicios: Adjetivos en inglés académico.
Les propongo un ejercicio con algunos de los adjetivos habituales en los artículos científicos. La principal característica de los siguientes adjetivos es su preposición obligatoria. Tenéis que completar los espacios con una de las preposiciones de la lista (algunas de ellas estan repetidas):
as, for(*2), from, in, of (*2), on, to (*2).
Source: Nuria del Campo Nartínez (2012). "A Constructional Account of Advising: Construal Operations and Social Conventions". Atlantis 34.1: 115-132.
1. Constructions based performative predicates are capable instantiating the full high-level cognitive model.(p 120)
2. Acts of advising are grounded the socio-cultural convention according to which we have to bring about those states of affairs that are beneficial others. (p 121)
3. In contrast to the power that is characteristic orders, the kind of knowledge authority related advising does not reduce the addressee's optionality (...). (p 121)
Source: Dieter Wolff. Content and Language Integrated Learning: An Evaluation of the German Approach (http://share.dschola.it/dd4pinerolo/clil/SharedDocuments/Theory_strategies/Dieter20Wolff.pdf)
4. At the end of their schooling students who have successfully gone through a CLIL branch obtain the same degree students who were taught in their mother tongue. (p 4)
5. Although these curricula are similar the corresponding mother tongue curricula, they are different in that they put topics into another order, for example in focussing more on contents which are important the target language culture.(p 6)
6. Knowledge transmitted in schools should not be different real life and action knowledge.(p 10).
1. Constructions based performative predicates are capable instantiating the full high-level cognitive model.(p 120)
2. Acts of advising are grounded the socio-cultural convention according to which we have to bring about those states of affairs that are beneficial others. (p 121)
3. In contrast to the power that is characteristic orders, the kind of knowledge authority related advising does not reduce the addressee's optionality (...). (p 121)
Source: Dieter Wolff. Content and Language Integrated Learning: An Evaluation of the German Approach (http://share.dschola.it/dd4pinerolo/clil/SharedDocuments/Theory_strategies/Dieter20Wolff.pdf)
4. At the end of their schooling students who have successfully gone through a CLIL branch obtain the same degree students who were taught in their mother tongue. (p 4)
5. Although these curricula are similar the corresponding mother tongue curricula, they are different in that they put topics into another order, for example in focussing more on contents which are important the target language culture.(p 6)
6. Knowledge transmitted in schools should not be different real life and action knowledge.(p 10).
Ejercicios: Los adverbios en el discurso académico.
Ha llegado hoy el turno de ejercitar los adverbios habituales en el discurso académico cuyo significado puede, a veces, dar lugar a confusiones. Tenéis que completar las siguientes oraciones con uno de los dos adverbios propuestos.
merely/simply
1. The question remains as to the cause and the manifestation of these crises, since to assert that crises are the result of the disturbances of equilibrium does not in itself locate the precise nature of the cause.
2. So, in its volume, the assessment system itself represents a burden for primary school teachers.
eventually/ultimately
3. , our interest with professional groups within organisations is a common concern with power and the extent to which professionals have power as a result of their expertise.
4. This economic crisis will come to an end.
primarily/mostly
5. Adenosine inhibits synaptic transmission by reducing presynaptic calcium influx in the hippocamus.
6. "Girls and boys together ... but apart: Gender arrangements in elementary schools"
simply/essentially
7. To put it , the patients were tested twice, prior and post treatment.
8. Since costs tend to rise inexorably, attempts to stabilize public spending have meant cuts in actual services.
directly/particularly
9. Within this general pattern there are local variations. The west coast of Cumbria and Scotland, for example, are affected by the warm Gulf Stream.
10. The distress suffered by individuals and their families was obviously a matter of concern for everybody, whether or not they were affected.
1. The question remains as to the cause and the manifestation of these crises, since to assert that crises are the result of the disturbances of equilibrium does not in itself locate the precise nature of the cause.
2. So, in its volume, the assessment system itself represents a burden for primary school teachers.
eventually/ultimately
3. , our interest with professional groups within organisations is a common concern with power and the extent to which professionals have power as a result of their expertise.
4. This economic crisis will come to an end.
primarily/mostly
5. Adenosine inhibits synaptic transmission by reducing presynaptic calcium influx in the hippocamus.
6. "Girls and boys together ... but apart: Gender arrangements in elementary schools"
simply/essentially
7. To put it , the patients were tested twice, prior and post treatment.
8. Since costs tend to rise inexorably, attempts to stabilize public spending have meant cuts in actual services.
directly/particularly
9. Within this general pattern there are local variations. The west coast of Cumbria and Scotland, for example, are affected by the warm Gulf Stream.
10. The distress suffered by individuals and their families was obviously a matter of concern for everybody, whether or not they were affected.
Ejercicios: Abreviaciones en latín en el inglés académico.
La abreviaciones en latín son muy frecuentes en inglés académico. A continuación os presento una selección de las más comunes, con su traducción:
1. e.g. = exempli grati (“por ejemplo”)
2. i.e. = id est (“es decir”)
3. etc. = et cetera
4. cf. = confere (” comparad con”)
5. ibid. = ibidem (“en el mismo sitio”)
6. ad litteram = al pie de la letra
7. vs. = versus (“frente a”)
8. et passim (“y en el resto”)
Os dejo con una pequeña muestra de oraciones donde tenéis que añadir una de las abreviaciones de arriba (incluyendo la puntuación)
1. The more serious of these, such as personation (1983 Act, s.60) and bribery ( , s.118) are ‘corrupt practices’.
2. We quote his proposal : “…
3. It contains a single spoken text, a transcription or collection of transcriptions from a single source.
4. The advanced stages of SLA have generally been studied with instructed adult subjects, having received extensive tuition as well as some sort of formal recognition of their competence in the target language ( official examinations, comprehensive level tests, native speaker judgement, )
Some scholars think Hitler’s Mein Kampf used genocidal ideas found in earlier anti-Semitic literature him (Smith 42), but others argue Hitler himself was the primary originator ( Jones 98).
Percent error is listed for output voltage target and sensitivity of output voltage vs. resistor values.
Richard Martin shows that redundancy in Amalgamemnon functions as a catalyst for creative generation through variation and elaboration (1989b:180 ).
2. We quote his proposal : “…
3. It contains a single spoken text, a transcription or collection of transcriptions from a single source.
4. The advanced stages of SLA have generally been studied with instructed adult subjects, having received extensive tuition as well as some sort of formal recognition of their competence in the target language ( official examinations, comprehensive level tests, native speaker judgement, )
Some scholars think Hitler’s Mein Kampf used genocidal ideas found in earlier anti-Semitic literature him (Smith 42), but others argue Hitler himself was the primary originator ( Jones 98).
Percent error is listed for output voltage target and sensitivity of output voltage vs. resistor values.
Richard Martin shows that redundancy in Amalgamemnon functions as a catalyst for creative generation through variation and elaboration (1989b:180 ).
Ejercicios: Abreviaciones en latín en el inglés académico.
La abreviaciones en latín son muy frecuentes en inglés académico. A continuación os presento una selección de las más comunes, con su traducción:
1. e.g. = exempli grati (“por ejemplo”)
2. i.e. = id est (“es decir”)
3. etc. = et cetera
4. cf. = confere (” comparad con”)
5. ibid. = ibidem (“en el mismo sitio”)
6. ad litteram = al pie de la letra
7. vs. = versus (“frente a”)
8. et passim (“y en el resto”)
Os dejo con una pequeña muestra de oraciones donde tenéis que añadir una de las abreviaciones de arriba (incluyendo la puntuación).
1. The more serious of these, such as personation (1983 Act, s.60) and bribery ( , s.118) are ‘corrupt practices’.
2. We quote his proposal : “…
3. It contains a single spoken text, a transcription or collection of transcriptions from a single source.
4. The advanced stages of SLA have generally been studied with instructed adult subjects, having received extensive tuition as well as some sort of formal recognition of their competence in the target language ( official examinations, comprehensive level tests, native speaker judgement, )
Some scholars think Hitler’s Mein Kampf used genocidal ideas found in earlier anti-Semitic literature him (Smith 42), but others argue Hitler himself was the primary originator ( Jones 98).
Percent error is listed for output voltage target and sensitivity of output voltage vs. resistor values.
Richard Martin shows that redundancy in Amalgamemnon functions as a catalyst for creative generation through variation and elaboration (1989b:180 ).
2. We quote his proposal : “…
3. It contains a single spoken text, a transcription or collection of transcriptions from a single source.
4. The advanced stages of SLA have generally been studied with instructed adult subjects, having received extensive tuition as well as some sort of formal recognition of their competence in the target language ( official examinations, comprehensive level tests, native speaker judgement, )
Some scholars think Hitler’s Mein Kampf used genocidal ideas found in earlier anti-Semitic literature him (Smith 42), but others argue Hitler himself was the primary originator ( Jones 98).
Percent error is listed for output voltage target and sensitivity of output voltage vs. resistor values.
Richard Martin shows that redundancy in Amalgamemnon functions as a catalyst for creative generation through variation and elaboration (1989b:180 ).
Ejercicios: Prefijos como herramienta de creación léxica.
Con el ejercicio de hoy quiero sensibilizaros sobre la creación de palabras nuevas mediante prefijos. Escoged un prefijo de la lista para completar las palabras siguientes.
anti, dis, mis, mul, multi, out, semi, sub, un, under
1. belief
2. number
3. understand
4. nourished
5. -heading
6. cultural
7. function
8. -establishment
9. -precious
10. plug
2. number
3. understand
4. nourished
5. -heading
6. cultural
7. function
8. -establishment
9. -precious
10. plug
Escribir en inglés sobre la metodología de la investigación científica.
Los artículos científicos siguen una estructura conocida como IMRaD (Introduction, Methodology, Results and Discussion).
La sección de metodología normalmente incluye información sobre los sujetos que han participando en el estudio, los materiales utilizados (cuestionarios, tests, etc.) y el procedimiento que se ha seguido.
A continuación tenéis un ejemplo de una sección de metodología que he desglosado para vosotros indicando con títulos cada uno de los aspectos que trata (fuente: Peter Gobel and Setsuko Mori. “Success and failure in the EFL classroom”. EUROSLA Yearbook 7 (2007): 149-169.):
1.Participantes
“The participants were a total of 233 first year students (65 females and 168 males) attending a private university in Kyoto, Japan. Their fields of study ranged from law, to business and economics, to the sciences. None of them were language majors. However, all of them were enrolled in required English courses for first year students, and more importantly, all of them had had a minimum of six years of exposure to English in junior and senior high school and in preparation for university exams. (…)”
2. Materiales
“Four versions of the questionnaire were created based on previous research (Vispoel and Austin 1995) and our research questions, with items reflecting the causal structure mentioned above (Table 1) and the attributions for success and failure found in previous studies. Each version of the questionnaire was given to either students in a reading class, or an oral communication class, with half the class being given a questionnaire that focused on success, and half being given a questionnaire that focused on failure.”
3. Procedimiento
“In the middle of the second semester, reading teachers and oral communication teachers administered the questionnaire to their students in their regular classrooms. In both reading and oral communication classes, questionnaires were arranged and distributed so that each version (success and failure) was randomly administered to half of the class. When answering the questionnaire, the students were instructed to think of their experience with previous reading or oral communication classes in the first semester. The questionnaire was completed within 15-20 minutes.”
Algunas de las características formales de la sección de metodología son:
1. Uso del pasado como tiempo verbal de referencia
2. Uso de la forma pasiva de los verbos:
Four versions of the questionnaire were created…
3. Estilo descriptivo (en las secciones sobre sujetos y materiales) e informativo (en las secciones del procedimiento)
4. Conectores de secuencia:
When answering the questionnaire,..
5. Oraciones subordinadas de participio:
… with items reflecting the causal structure mentioned above…
Ejercicios: La voz pasiva en la sección de metodología
Les propongo trabajar con la forma pasiva, una característica formal de la sección de metodología en un artículo científico.
Transformad las siguientes oraciones utilizando la forma pasiva del verbo.
1. We selected 25 students doing English Philology at the UAB.
25 students .
2. We analysed the raw data by means of statistical tests.
The raw data .
3. We distributed 100 questionnaires in two state schools in Barcelona.
100 questionnaires in Barcelona.
4. We set up two test groups and a control group.
Two test groups .
5. We established the statistical validity threshold at 0.5.
The statistical validity threshold .
25 students .
2. We analysed the raw data by means of statistical tests.
The raw data .
3. We distributed 100 questionnaires in two state schools in Barcelona.
100 questionnaires in Barcelona.
4. We set up two test groups and a control group.
Two test groups .
5. We established the statistical validity threshold at 0.5.
The statistical validity threshold .
Ejercicios: Identificar la estructura de la sección de metodología en un artículo científico.
En el ejercicio de hoy tenéis que identificar que párrafos (a-i) hacen referencia a las tres subsecciones habituales de la sección de Research Method en un artículo científico: participantes, materiales, y procedimiento. Además tenéis que identificar el orden lógico de los párrafos relacionados cn cada una de las subsecciones. La fuente del artículo es Carmen Muñoz and David Singleton. “Foreign Accent in Advanced Learners”. EUROSLA Yearbook 7 (2007): 171-190.
Escribid las letras de los párrafos correspondientes en los huecos.
a) L2 speech was elicited by means of an oral film-retelling task, which was judged by the researchers (and the participants) to be cognitively demanding, but which nevertheless yielded spontaneous data.
b) Before hearing the critical extracts, the judges first heard three practice items in order that they could become familiar with the type of material they were going to have to judge.
c) They all have Spanish and/or Catalan as their L1, and have a high command of one, two or even three more languages in addition to English.
d) Also participating in the study were two groups of native speakers of Irish English.
e) The informants are twelve female advanced learners of English with an average age of learning (AOL) – defined here as the age of initial substantial immersion in English – of 22.5 (range 18-28) and an average length of residence (LOR) in an English-speaking environment of 10 (range: 6-20).
f) An extract from each of the non-native and native participants, seventeen in all, was transferred to a CD for presentation (in randomized order) to the judges.
g) The first groups comprised five native speakers – with a similar age, sex and education profile to the non-native speaker group – who functioned in the study as the control group.
h) The judges were asked to rate each extract on a 5-point scale, where 0 meant a very strong foreign accent and 4 meant no foreign accent.
i) A second group of four native speakers of English acted as judges, blindly rating the oral production of the learners and the native speakers.
Participants: , , , ,
Materials:
Procedure: , ,
Materials:
Procedure: , ,
Ejercicios: Vocabulario relacionado con los diferentes tipos de investigación científica.
En el ejercicio de hoy os propongo identificar algunas de las características de los diferentes tipos de investigación: experimentos, estudios de correlación, estudios descriptivos, etc…
Leed las siguientes descripciones y escoged la mejor palabra de la lista para completar los textos.
associations case causal controlled cross-sectional hypothesis longitudinal random surveys variables
Experimental study - A test under conditions that is carried out to demonstrate a known truth, to examine the validity of a , or to determine the efficacy of something previously untried. True experiments have four elements: manipulation, control, assignment and selection.
Correlational study - a scientific study in which a researcher investigates between . The goal of correlational research is to find out whether one or more variables can predict other variables. Correlational research allows us to find out what variables may be related. However, the fact that two things are related or correlated does not mean there is a relationship. It is important to make a distinction between correlation and causation.
Descriptive study - A descriptive study is one in which information is collected without changing the environment (i.e., nothing is manipulated). Sometimes these are referred to as
“observational ” studies. Descriptive studies can involve a one-time interaction with groups of people ( study ) or a study might follow individuals over time (study). Descriptive studies, in which the researcher interacts with the participant, may involve or interviews to collect the necessary information. Descriptive studies in which the researcher does not interact with the participant include observational studies of people in an environment and studies involving data collection using existing records (e.g., medical record review). Descriptive studies can also focus on one individual (a study).
Correlational study - a scientific study in which a researcher investigates between . The goal of correlational research is to find out whether one or more variables can predict other variables. Correlational research allows us to find out what variables may be related. However, the fact that two things are related or correlated does not mean there is a relationship. It is important to make a distinction between correlation and causation.
Descriptive study - A descriptive study is one in which information is collected without changing the environment (i.e., nothing is manipulated). Sometimes these are referred to as
“observational ” studies. Descriptive studies can involve a one-time interaction with groups of people ( study ) or a study might follow individuals over time (study). Descriptive studies, in which the researcher interacts with the participant, may involve or interviews to collect the necessary information. Descriptive studies in which the researcher does not interact with the participant include observational studies of people in an environment and studies involving data collection using existing records (e.g., medical record review). Descriptive studies can also focus on one individual (a study).
La estructura de la introducción en el artículo científico.
La estructura de la introducción en un artículo científico ha sido ampliamente estudiada. Se trata, por lo general, de tres grandes partes, cada una con sus subsecciones.
1. Delimitar el territorio de la investigación
En esta sección se suele argumentar la centralidad del tema del artículo, hacer generalizaciones y/o definir conceptos clave y revisar la literatura existente sobre el tema.
2. Establecer un “hueco” (gap)
En esta sección se intenta convencer el lector de la(s) laguna(s) existente(s) en la literatura publicada acerca del tema del estudio. Se puede también crear este hueco refutando una posición de otro estudio, formular una pregunta, o bién continuar en la línea de una tradición establecida.
3. Ocupar el “hueco” (gap)
En esta última parte de la introducción, se presenta el objetivo de nuestro artículo, un pequeño adelanto de los resultados (para mantener al lector motivado) y una presentación de la estructura del artículo.
Ejercicios: La estructura de la introducción en un artículo científico.
Identificad las diferentes partes de una introducción en un artículo científico desplazando las etiquetas de la derecha hasta su posición correcta abajo.
The literature on L2 learning motivation has often indicated that ...
A standard procedure for assessing X has been...
Numerous researchers (A, B, C, etc.) have claimed that...
This state of affairs seems to call for further examination of two
central questions:...
However, X (2005) has recently challenged Y's (2002) claims and argued
that...
A question remains whether this line of inquiry is valid.
It is of interest to compare the work of X with that of Y.
The present study addresses these issues by incorporating frequency data
into ...
On the basis of the reported data, it is suggested that...
In section 1, we address... In section 2, we present...
- Reference to previous research
- Making a counter-claim
- Raising a question
- Continuing tradition
- Announcing principal findings
- Making generalisations
- Claiming a gap in the field
- Claiming centrality of the topic
- Indicating article structure
- Occupying the gap
Ejercicios: La cohesión en la introducción a los artículos científicos.
Os propongo practicar con algunos de los conectores que permiten articular la introducción en un artículo científico. Tenéis que completar el texto (adaptado a partir de Lasagabster, D. (2011). English achievement and student motivation in CLIL and EFL settings. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 5(1), 3-18.) con una de las palabras o expresiones siguientes:
also (*2), for instance, nevertheless, often, similarly, vein (*2)
The literature on L2 learning motivation has indicated that the specific learning contexts to which learners are exposed may have a definitive influence on their motivational levels (Bradford 2007; Clément and Kruidenier 1983; Dornyei 2001). , as Pae (2008) has noted, in an English as a second language (ESL) learning context, English is mastered through direct exposure because students enjoy the possibility of having direct contact with native speakers, whereas in an English as a foreign language (EFL) context, the learning of English usually occurs within the constraints of a formal classroom and with little (if any) opportunity to interact with an English-speaking community. Muñoz (2008) argues that the amount and quality of the input of the two learning contexts vary considerably and may affect proficiency.
In the same , another comparison could be made when comparing Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and EFL contexts. It is believed that implicit learning can only be provided in second language naturalistic contexts, immersion (Dekeyser 2000) or CLIL programmes (Coyle 2008), where the exposure to the second language is much higher. This belief is shared not only by parents, but also by teachers and language planners, which is why most European governments have decided not only to lower the starting age of learning a foreign language, but also to implement CLIL programmes, which in most European countries are taught through English (Eurydice 2006a).
, this is an issue which is becoming controversial in some contexts, such as the Basque country, where the existence of two co-official languages (Basque and Spanish) and the ever increasing presence of the foreign language are leading to some linguistic friction. In this , Osa (2003) claims that the early presence of English can exert a negative influence on Basque command and language attitudes, as Basque (the minority language) will have less space in the curriculum. , Etxeberria (2004) warns against the assumption that what is valid for bilingual education is also good for trilingual learning (English is the L3 in the Basque bilingual context). Controversy has erupted in other European countries such as Austria and Finland, where “CLIL education has been widely welcomed as a positive development in mainstream, state-financed education even if it has also given rise to controversy and debate”(Nikula 2007, 209).
Lasagabster, D. (2011). “English achievement and student motivation in CLIL and EFL settings”. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 5(1), 3-18.
In the same , another comparison could be made when comparing Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and EFL contexts. It is believed that implicit learning can only be provided in second language naturalistic contexts, immersion (Dekeyser 2000) or CLIL programmes (Coyle 2008), where the exposure to the second language is much higher. This belief is shared not only by parents, but also by teachers and language planners, which is why most European governments have decided not only to lower the starting age of learning a foreign language, but also to implement CLIL programmes, which in most European countries are taught through English (Eurydice 2006a).
, this is an issue which is becoming controversial in some contexts, such as the Basque country, where the existence of two co-official languages (Basque and Spanish) and the ever increasing presence of the foreign language are leading to some linguistic friction. In this , Osa (2003) claims that the early presence of English can exert a negative influence on Basque command and language attitudes, as Basque (the minority language) will have less space in the curriculum. , Etxeberria (2004) warns against the assumption that what is valid for bilingual education is also good for trilingual learning (English is the L3 in the Basque bilingual context). Controversy has erupted in other European countries such as Austria and Finland, where “CLIL education has been widely welcomed as a positive development in mainstream, state-financed education even if it has also given rise to controversy and debate”(Nikula 2007, 209).
Lasagabster, D. (2011). “English achievement and student motivation in CLIL and EFL settings”. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 5(1), 3-18.
La sección de discusión y conclusión en el artículo científico.
Una vez presentados los datos, el artículo científico culmina con una sección de discusión que constituye la contribución original del investigador en su ámbito. En esta sección se hace una interpretación de los datos y se extraen conclusiones en base a la evidencia que se tiene. Es importante respetar el llamado Principio de Honestidad (The Honesty Principle) – afirmar solo aquello que podemos probar. A veces esto puede ser frustrante ya que al principio de la investigación hay ciertas expectativas en cuanto a los resultados. Es importante hablar no solamente de los logros del estudio sino también de sus fallos y de como se pueden mejorar en un estudio futuro.
La discusión también establece un vínculo entre nuestra contribución y el territorio académico delimitado en la introducción, especificamente en la Literature Review. Es importante para el lector ver donde se enmarca nuestro estudio (y lo que queda por investigar).
La discusión lleva de manera natural a la conclusión del artículo. Es importante recordar al lector, de manera breve, el objetivo inicial del estudio y donde se ha llegado y proponer algunas vias para la investigacion futura.
Ejercicios: Construcciones habituales en la sección de discusión y conclusión del artículo científico.
En este ejercicio os podéis familiarizar con algunas construcciones y expresiones habituales en la sección de discusión/conclusión en un artículo científico. Tenéis que arrastrar las expresiones de la derecha hasta su posición correcta abajo.
The findings of this study
This study
The aim of this paper
The analysis of the corpus
Contrary to expectations about...,
Under the light of our quantitative and qualitative results,
It is important/relevant
- reveal/suggest that...
- we conclude that...
- to note that..
- the analysis has shown that...
- has provided a better insight into/ understanding of...
- has attempted to show...
- was to explore/shed light onto...
Ejercicios: Expresiones con “evidence”, “data” y “facts”
Existen algunas expresiones típicas o collocations que suelen utilizarse en el apartado de discusión de un artículo científico. Se trata de verbos o adjetivos que combinan habitualmente con los sustantivosevidence, data y facts. En el ejercicio siguiente tenéis que identificar que palabra de las tres propuestas no combina bien con evidence, data o fact.
1. The evidence points to/ suggests/ emerges a different conclusion. Wrong:
2. The evidence presented is vivid/ convincing/ conflicting. Wrong:
3. Smith's aim was to present/ bear out/ establish the facts. Wrong:
4. The facts don't bear out / support/ suggest our initial hypothesis. Wrong:
5. Smith collected/ analysed/ established a vast amount of data. Wrong:
6. We need to gather undeniable/ reliable/ comprehensive data. Wrong:
7. Data indicates/ points out/ reflects deep social changes. Wrong:
8. New evidence has stemmed/ come to light/ emerged recently. Wrong:
2. The evidence presented is vivid/ convincing/ conflicting. Wrong:
3. Smith's aim was to present/ bear out/ establish the facts. Wrong:
4. The facts don't bear out / support/ suggest our initial hypothesis. Wrong:
5. Smith collected/ analysed/ established a vast amount of data. Wrong:
6. We need to gather undeniable/ reliable/ comprehensive data. Wrong:
7. Data indicates/ points out/ reflects deep social changes. Wrong:
8. New evidence has stemmed/ come to light/ emerged recently. Wrong:
Ejercicios: Matizar las conclusiones de un artículo científico.
Las conclusiones de un artículo científico se deben escribir desde una cierta humildad hacía la comunidad científica, no solamente para prevenir críticas, sinó porque es muy difícil haberlo hecho todo perfectamente y siempre habrá algún aspecto que no hemos podido tratar o desarrollar detalladamente. Podemos matizar las conclusiones de muchas maneras. Hoy nos centraremos en 3 de ellas: el verbo modal may, y los adjetivos possible y (un)likely ((im)probable).
Completad las siguientes oraciones adaptadas del British National Corpus con may, possible, likely ounlikely.
1. This difference is to be the result solely of the way in which the Directive is implemented in the two countries. Other influences may also be at work, such as....
2. Furthermore, it is that loss of memory trends will be well advanced before they begin to become apparent.
3. A persistently low concentration of atmospheric oxygen is one explanation, but alternatives include the late acquisition of collagen.
4. Whilst it has not been to provide a detailed comparative analysis of the two periods, we have delimited the adult education responses to unemployment in the 1980s and nowadays.
5.It represent subtle differences in growth cycle or more complex interactions involving the soil microflora, perhaps the mycorrhizae.
6. In short it seems , especially with younger children whose grasp on autonomy in learning and responsibility and social action needs much support, that the National Curriculum framework alone will achieve much.
2. Furthermore, it is that loss of memory trends will be well advanced before they begin to become apparent.
3. A persistently low concentration of atmospheric oxygen is one explanation, but alternatives include the late acquisition of collagen.
4. Whilst it has not been to provide a detailed comparative analysis of the two periods, we have delimited the adult education responses to unemployment in the 1980s and nowadays.
5.It represent subtle differences in growth cycle or more complex interactions involving the soil microflora, perhaps the mycorrhizae.
6. In short it seems , especially with younger children whose grasp on autonomy in learning and responsibility and social action needs much support, that the National Curriculum framework alone will achieve much.
Ejercicios: Los significados del verbo “get”.
El verbo to get es uno de los verbos más polisémicos del inglés. Sus significados llenan unas cuantas páginas del diccionario junto con las numerosas expresiones idiomáticas construidas con el verbo get.
En el ejercicio de hoy nos centraremos en algunos significados más usuales del verbo get en inglés. Tenéis que identificar el significado del verbo get en las oraciones de la izquerda. Podéis escojer un sinónimo en la lista de la derecha y arrastrarlo hasta su posición correcta.
I got late to the office this morning because of the traffic.
I need to get a new pair of shoes.
I have just got an email from my friend Alanna.
I will get the train to go into town.
It is getting late.
Mark, can you get the phone?
You get one point for each correct answer.
He gets 2000 euros a month.
Sit down and I will get you a drink.
Marta got a job when she finished university.
to find
to arrive
to answer
to earn
to receive
to catch
to become
to bring
to obtain
to buy
Ejercicios: Los “boosters” en inglés académico.
Así como los hedges matizan o suavizan una afirmación, los boosters intensifican el discurso académico. Comparad las siguientes oraciones.
This seems (hedge) to be a challenging issue in second language learning.
This is undoubtedly (booster) a challenging issue in second language learning.
Los boosters son, en general, adjetivos o adverbios pero algunos verbos también actúan comoboosters, tal y como podéis ver en el listado siguiente:
Actually, always, believe, beyond doubt, certain, certainly, clear, clearly, conclusively, decidedly, definite, definitely, demonstrate, doubtless, establish, evident, evidently, find, in fact, incontestable, incontrovertible, incontrovertibly, indeed, indisputable, indisputably, know, must (possibility), never, no doubt, obvious, obviously, of course, prove, realize, really, show, sure, surely, think, truly, true, undeniable, undeniably, undisputedly, undoubtedly, without doubt. (Fuente: Ignacio Vázquez and Diana Giner. Writing with Conviction: The Use of Boosters in Modelling Persuasion in Academic Discourses. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 22 (2009): 219-237)
La presencia de los boosters en un texto académico es más escasa que la de los hedges sobretodo por modestia profesional y por las limitaciones que en general todo estudio tiene. También depende del area de conocimiento. En algunos ámbitos, por ejemplo en el análisis literario, los boosters se utilizan con más frecuencia que en los artículos de lingüística.
En el ejercicio de hoy tenéis que completar las siguientes oraciones con uno de los boosterspropuestos.
clear/clearly
1. The data indicate a change in demographics.
2. There is indication of an alteration in rainfall patterns.
sure/surely
3. There are sufficient gorunds to claim that the sample used in the experiment was representative.
4. We are to see more studies along the research lines set here.
undeniable/undeniably
5. As can be seen in Figure 1, there was an improvement in accuracy rates between pre- and post-test.
6. The quality of the blood samples influenced the overall reliability of our results.
indeed/really
7. This is the major finding in the present study.
8. We believe that what matters in quantitative data analysis is the size of the sample.
obivous/obviously
9. There are limitations to the present study.
10. Periods at risk in the age 40 group were shorter for migrants than for people residing in the country.
1. The data indicate a change in demographics.
2. There is indication of an alteration in rainfall patterns.
sure/surely
3. There are sufficient gorunds to claim that the sample used in the experiment was representative.
4. We are to see more studies along the research lines set here.
undeniable/undeniably
5. As can be seen in Figure 1, there was an improvement in accuracy rates between pre- and post-test.
6. The quality of the blood samples influenced the overall reliability of our results.
indeed/really
7. This is the major finding in the present study.
8. We believe that what matters in quantitative data analysis is the size of the sample.
obivous/obviously
9. There are limitations to the present study.
10. Periods at risk in the age 40 group were shorter for migrants than for people residing in the country.
Ejercicios: “Will” como marca de la voluntad.
Nos ocuparemos hoy de la faceta más modal del verbo will, comunmente conocido como el auxiliar del futuro en inglés. El verbo will tiene también un valor modal que no hace referencia al futuro sinó a la voluntad (o falta de voluntad) de una persona para hacer algo.
Son típicas las siguientes construcciones:
1. Cosas que no quieren funcionar: The door won’t open.
2. Peticiones formales: Will you follow me, please?
3. Promesas: I will show you where the office is.
2. Peticiones formales: Will you follow me, please?
3. Promesas: I will show you where the office is.
En el ejercicio siguiente tenéis que reescribir las oraciones utilizando will o won’t.
1. The car refuses to start.
The car .
2. Please come this way.
this way, please?
3. She refuses to confess anything.
She anything.
4. He is ready to do anything for a promotion.
He anything for a promotion.
5. The bank is not willing to let us any money.
The bank any money.
6. Nobody wants to listen to us.
Nobody to us.
7. Please sign this form.
this form, please?
8. The cash dispenser refuses to accept my PIN.
The cash dispenser my PIN.
9. He is willing to marry her.
He her.
10. I refuse to have this behaviour in my class.
I this behaviour in my class.
The car .
2. Please come this way.
this way, please?
3. She refuses to confess anything.
She anything.
4. He is ready to do anything for a promotion.
He anything for a promotion.
5. The bank is not willing to let us any money.
The bank any money.
6. Nobody wants to listen to us.
Nobody to us.
7. Please sign this form.
this form, please?
8. The cash dispenser refuses to accept my PIN.
The cash dispenser my PIN.
9. He is willing to marry her.
He her.
10. I refuse to have this behaviour in my class.
I this behaviour in my class.
Ejercicios: Expresiones con verbos convertidos en sustantivos.
Agunos verbos peden utilizarse también como sustantivos, sin cambio de forma alguno (por ejemplo, “I had a quick LOOK at the newspaper on the train”). El ejercicio de hoy aborda algunas expresiones con este tipo de verbos convertidos en sustantivos.
Reconstruid las oraciones desplazando los rectángulos de la derecha hasta su posición correcta abajo.
After I failed my final exam, my father and I had
The football team made
If you see the boss coming, give us
The coach and the player had
When my husband got off the train, I welcomed him on the platform and
gave him
The refugee made
Whe she heard she had not been selected for the job, she had
a good cry.
a shout!
a quick chat at break time.
a really good start this year.
a big hug.
a long talk about my future.
a claim for political asylum.
Ejercicios: Construcciones con el genitivo sajón y los pronombres posesivos en inglés.
El genitivo sajón se utiliza para relacionar un objeto o un grupo de objetos con su(s) posesor(es): This is John’s book (Es el libro de John)// These are John’s books (Son los libros de John).
Existe también una manera de relacionar un objeto dentro de un grupo de objetos con su posesor. Por ejemplo, si John posee varios libros pero solo queremos hacer referencia a uno de ellos, podemos decir “This is a book of John’s”(Es un libro de los de John).
La estructura es “objeto en propiedad + of + posesor + marca de genitivo sajón“.
Existe una estructura alternativa, con el mismo significado:
“objeto en propiedad + of + pronombre posesivo” (This is a book of his)
Importante:
La diferencia entre “John’s book” y “a book of John’s” es que, en el primer caso, sabemos que John tiene un libro mientras que en el segundo sabemos que John tiene un libro entre otros.
Transformad las siguientes oraciones utilizando las indicaciones entre paréntesis. Tenéis un ejemplo.
Example: Steve has a collection of guitars.
(saxon genitive): This is a guitar of Steve's.
(pronoun): This is a guitar of his.
1.My father has a lot of friends.
(saxon genitive): Tim is a friend .
2. Sarah invited her colleagues to a party.
(pronoun): Jane is a colleague .
3. Peter teaches physics at university.
(pronoun): James is a student .
4. My sister is a doctor in a hospital.
(saxon genitive): Lisa is a patient .
5. My parents are friends with all their neighbours.
(saxon genitive): Stuart is a neighbour .
6. You have a lot of evening dresses.
(pronoun): Can I borrow a dress ?
7. I have a lot of nephews and nieces.
(pronoun): John is a nephew .
(saxon genitive): This is a guitar of Steve's.
(pronoun): This is a guitar of his.
1.My father has a lot of friends.
(saxon genitive): Tim is a friend .
2. Sarah invited her colleagues to a party.
(pronoun): Jane is a colleague .
3. Peter teaches physics at university.
(pronoun): James is a student .
4. My sister is a doctor in a hospital.
(saxon genitive): Lisa is a patient .
5. My parents are friends with all their neighbours.
(saxon genitive): Stuart is a neighbour .
6. You have a lot of evening dresses.
(pronoun): Can I borrow a dress ?
7. I have a lot of nephews and nieces.
(pronoun): John is a nephew .
Ejercicios: Practicar las estructuras causativas con “get”
Nos centramos hoy en dos estructuras causativas con “get”:
1. GET somebody TO DO something – “convencer a alguien para que haga algo”.
En esta construcción el verbo “get” tiene un complemento directo animado (una persona).
El seguno verbo tiene forma de infinitivo con “to”
I got my husband to cook this evening
2. GET something DONE – “pagar para que nos hagan una cosa”.
En esta construcción el verbo “get” tiene un complemento directo inanimado (un objeto).
El segundo verbo tiene forma de participio pasado.
I got my teeth checked last week. (The dentist checked my teeth)
Importante:
En la primera construcción, la persona involucrada no es un profesional ni se trata de pagar por un servicio prestado. En la segunda construcción, se trata del servicio de un profesional.
Rescribid las siguientes oraciones utilizando las construcciones con “get”.
1. I asked Larry to take me to the airport.
I me to the airport.
2. I asked the doctor to check my eyes.
I .
3. I told my son to clean his bedroom.
I his bedroom.
4. I called the plumber to fix the pipe.
I .
5. I phoned my husband to pick up the children from school.
I the children from school.
6. I went to the mechanic's to put new tyres on my car.
I on my car.
7. I convinced my sister to do the laundry.
I the laundry.
I me to the airport.
2. I asked the doctor to check my eyes.
I .
3. I told my son to clean his bedroom.
I his bedroom.
4. I called the plumber to fix the pipe.
I .
5. I phoned my husband to pick up the children from school.
I the children from school.
6. I went to the mechanic's to put new tyres on my car.
I on my car.
7. I convinced my sister to do the laundry.
I the laundry.
Ejercicios: Expresiones idiomáticas con comparativos.
En el ejercicios de hoy quiero resaltar algunas construcciones idiomáticas que tienen como base un comparativo con “than”. Probablemente, la más conocida de estas construcciones idiomáticas sea “better late than never” (mejor tarde que nunca).
Tenéis que reconstruir las oraciones respetando la construcción idiomática comparativa.
I have bought all this food but I can't eat it all. My eyes are
bigger...
My sister and I don't get on very well but I always help her if I can -
blood is thicker...
She has a morning and an afternoon job so she wears more...
It was her birthday yesterday. You should call her - better late...
Going to live abroad is easier said ...
Can you help me with this problem? Two heads are better...
than one hat every day.
than done.Not everybody is ready to start a new life.
than never!
than life.
than my stomach.
than water.
than one.
Ejercicios: Vocabulario relacionado con el fútbol.
Creo que muchos de vosotros estáis siguiendo a vuestras selecciones nacionales en el campeonato mundial de fútbol de Brasil 2014. Como de costumbre, aprovecho el tema para proponeros un ejercicio de vocabulario con algunas palabras relacionadas con este deporte que tantas pasiones despierta.
Desplazad las palabras de la derecha hasta su definición correcta de abajo.
the first touch of the ball at the beginning of the match
when a player has an accident playing
the break between the 1st and 2nd half of the match
what players do before a match
when a player hits another player on purpose
when a player is expelled from the match
when the score is 1-1
the place where the match is played
a match which is not played at home
the sign that the match is over
draw
final whistle
pitch
warm up
away match
kick off
commit a foul
half time
send off
get injured
Ejercicios: Vocabulario para hablar de deportes en inglés.
Me imagino que estáis siguiendo el mundial de fútbol en Brasil. Como de costumbre, aprovecho el contexto en que estamos para transformarlo en una práctica de inglés.
Completad las siguientes oraciones con uno de los deportes de la lista.
1. My dad went and caught a big fish.
2. You have to wear a helmet when you go on country roads.
3. I do to relax.
4. The sea is too cold to go .
5. Lionel Messi is very good at playing .
6. I go for a with my dog in the evenings.
7. I go to the gym once a week to do .
8. Pau and Marc Gasol play in the US.
9. It's dangerous to go on a frozen lake in the winter.
10. I'm training for a marathon so I usually go for a at the weekend.
2. You have to wear a helmet when you go on country roads.
3. I do to relax.
4. The sea is too cold to go .
5. Lionel Messi is very good at playing .
6. I go for a with my dog in the evenings.
7. I go to the gym once a week to do .
8. Pau and Marc Gasol play in the US.
9. It's dangerous to go on a frozen lake in the winter.
10. I'm training for a marathon so I usually go for a at the weekend.
Ejercicios: Expresiones relacionadas con dar y recibir noticias.
En el mundo hiperconectado en el que vivimos, las noticias (the news) nos llegan de todas las partes a un ritmo frenético. Aprovecho este tema para proponeros un ejercicio con algunas expresiones relacionadas con la palabra “news“. Completad las oraciones con uno de los verbos de la lista desplegable.
1. I don't want to the news to him - he should be informed in writing before the meeting.
2. My son has just called me to tell me he is getting married. We are having a party this weekend to the news.
3. With the social media, the news of their divorce will certainly fast.
4. Relatives of hospital patients have a special room where they can for news from the surgery room.
5. Every time I go back to Romania I see my best friend to up on the news.
6. Lawsuits against banks have begun to the news ever since the beginning of the economic crisis.
7. Do you want to the latest news? Masha is expecting twins!
2. My son has just called me to tell me he is getting married. We are having a party this weekend to the news.
3. With the social media, the news of their divorce will certainly fast.
4. Relatives of hospital patients have a special room where they can for news from the surgery room.
5. Every time I go back to Romania I see my best friend to up on the news.
6. Lawsuits against banks have begun to the news ever since the beginning of the economic crisis.
7. Do you want to the latest news? Masha is expecting twins!
Ejercicios: Expresiones relacionadas con los exámenes.
Creo que muchos de vosotros estáis en época de exámenes así que he pensado aprovechar la ocasión para transformar una pesadilla en un pretexto para practicar un poco de vocabulario. Os propongo un ejercicio con algunas expresiones relacionadas con los exámenes.
Escoged el verbo correcto de la lista desplegable.
1. If you want to the exam, you need to study regularly.
2. When you an exam, you should make a list of the mistakes and try not to make them again.
3. In an exam, you can marks if you don't follow the instructions.
4. It's difficult to an exam late at night - most people are tired at that time of the day.
5. I have to a lot of exams this weekend - I'm a university teacher.
6. I normally through my English exams - I usually get a 5 out of 10.
7. You can use lists of words to for your English exam.
8. I often top marks in my Chemistry exams.
2. When you an exam, you should make a list of the mistakes and try not to make them again.
3. In an exam, you can marks if you don't follow the instructions.
4. It's difficult to an exam late at night - most people are tired at that time of the day.
5. I have to a lot of exams this weekend - I'm a university teacher.
6. I normally through my English exams - I usually get a 5 out of 10.
7. You can use lists of words to for your English exam.
8. I often top marks in my Chemistry exams.
Ejercicios: Formas verbales en las solicitudes formales en inglés.
Completa las peticiones formales siguientes con la forma correcta del verbo entre paréntesis.
1. Would you mind (turn) your music down? I can't concentrate with all this noise.
2. (can) you check on the children? They are very quiet all of a sudden.
3. Is it OK if I (go) home early tonight? We are having guests for dinner.
4. Please (open) your book at page 20. We need to start the class now.
5. I was wondering if I (may) use your office for a meeting this afternoon.
6. Would you be so kind as (post) this letter for me tomorrow?
7. I (wonder) if you could take me to the airport tomorrow morning. I would really appreciate it.
2. (can) you check on the children? They are very quiet all of a sudden.
3. Is it OK if I (go) home early tonight? We are having guests for dinner.
4. Please (open) your book at page 20. We need to start the class now.
5. I was wondering if I (may) use your office for a meeting this afternoon.
6. Would you be so kind as (post) this letter for me tomorrow?
7. I (wonder) if you could take me to the airport tomorrow morning. I would really appreciate it.
Ejercicios: Preguntas y cognición en la clase universitaria.
Las tareas que se utilizan en la clase universitaria (y no únicamente universitaria) pueden ser ordenadas por su complejidad y por el tipo de procesos cognitivos que requieren. La clasificación del impacto cognitivo de las tareas se conoce como la taxonomía de Bloom (1956 y adaptada en 2000 por Anderson et al.). La tenéis representada en la imagen:

Se considera que las tareas, las actividades y otros ejercicios tienen que seguir una progresión, de los niveles más bajos de la pirámide hasta los niveles más elevados. Una tarea como “Can you define the term “taxonomy”?” (que correspondería a Remembering) es menos difícil que “Can you propose a new taxonomy for learning activities?” (que seria Creating). Las actividades menos difíciles preparan el terreno para las tareas más complejas.
les dejo con un pequeño ejercicio en el que tenéis que identificar las preguntas de abajo con el nivel en la taxonomía de Bloom que ilustran.
Remembering
Understanding
Apply
Analyze
Evaluate
Create
- What result do we obtain if x equals 50?
- What is in your opinion the best way to decrease street vandalism in our town?
- Can you propose an alternative ending to the text?
- What is the main idea of the text?
- What were the three characteristics of signal transmission we discussed in the previous class?
- What do you think are the main causes of the current economic crisis?
Estrategias para conversar en inglés (…y no perderse completamente)
Mantener una conversación en un idioma que no es el propio puede ser, por momentos, un verdadero calvario. La fluidez de la conversación dependerá, claro, de nuestro dominio del idioma pero también de como sabemos aplicar algunas estrategias para sortear los momentos de incomprensión. Estos momentos son los instantes en que la dificultad de hacernos entender nos obliga a fijarnos de forma consciente en las estructuras que utilizamos y también de afinar nuestro repertorio de formas.
A continuación tenéis algunas de las expresiones habituales para evitar que una conversación se interrumpa.
Para pedir que nos repitan alguna cosa:
Can you repeat that/say that again, please?
Pardon? (esta es una petición formal)
What was that again?
I didn’t (quite) catch that.
What did you say (your name) was?
Para pedir que nuestro interlocutor modifique su forma de expresión:
Can you speak up/down a bit, please? (¿Puede hablar más alto/más bajo, por favor?)
Can you speak more slowly, please? (¿Puede hablar más despacio?)
Para pedir una aclaración:
What do you mean by (….)?
What does (mandatory) mean? (¿Que significa “mandatory”?)
What was that again?
I’m not following you. (No te sigo)
I’m not sure I get what you mean. (No creo que te entienda).
Ejercicios: Rechazar propuestas u ofertas con cortesía.
Relacionad las respuestas negativas de la derecha con la pregunta correcta de abajo.
Can you lend me some money?
Do you fancy another drink?
We are going climbing this weekend. Do you want to join us?
Can you stay longer at the office today?
Would you like to go for a walk?
Can I stay with you for a weekend?
Can I use your garden for a party?
- I'd rather not. I have a parents' meeting at my daughter's school.
- I'm afraid I can't. With the new baby, I need all the money I earn.
- I'm sorry but I'm not really fond of heights.
- I'm sorry but I really can't. I'm driving tonight.
- I'd rather you didn't. Our flat is really tiny.
- That's very kind of you but I have some work to do this afternoon. Some other time!
- Let me think about it and I'll get back to you. I need to check with m
Ejercicios: Los marcadores discursivos en inglés
La fluidez de una conversación en inglés no depende solamente de la riqueza léxica o de la corrección gramatical. La fluidez depende en gran parte de la presencia de palabras o construcciones de palabras que nos permiten rellenar las pausas en aquellos momentos en los que estamos pensando en lo que queremos decir, que nos permiten organizar nuestras ideas o cambiar el rumbo de nuestro pensamiento, introducir una idea nueva, etc.
He aquí una selección de marcadores discursivos:
1. Expresiones para rellenar los espacios:
well, so, let me think/see, I suppose/guess, you know, etc.
2. Indicar nuestra actitud respecto a lo que decimos:
(quite) honestly, obviously, apparently, surely, etc.
3. Aclarar una afirmación:
I mean, actually, after all, etc.
4. Introducir una idea que contrasta con lo que acabamos de decir o que lo corrige:
mind you, still, as a matter of fact, at least, etc.
5. Indicar que estamos hablando de manera figurada:
so to speak
6. Cerrar un tema:
anyway
7. Cambiar de tema:
by the way
Os propongo practicar con estas palabras en el siguiente ejercicio. Escoged la mejor opción de la lista desplegable para completar las oraciones.
1. Do you know when Marta gets back from holiday?
Let me , I think she said Friday 23rd, but I'm not sure.
2. Jane and Larry are getting divorced. , he was having an affair with his secretary and Jane found out about it. Can you believe it?
3. She has a family and she runs her own business. She is a superwoman, so to .
4. I don't think they should get married. I , I don't have anything against marriage, but don't you think it's a bit soon?
5. I wish I was famous - a big house, no need to work. you, I wouldn't be like these typical celebrities that spend their nights at parties. I would lead a quiet life.
6. We still haven't decided where we are going this summer. , I we'll find a last minute bargain, like every year.
7. Why don't you call Sarah? After , she is your sister and she has always helped you.
8. I'm glad to hear the kids are doing great. the way, have you heard about the new swimming pool in the town?
9. Your face looks familiar. Have we met before? , we studied together in high school.
10. I am not fussy. , I like my hotel room to be clean when I check in. It's basic courtesy.
Let me , I think she said Friday 23rd, but I'm not sure.
2. Jane and Larry are getting divorced. , he was having an affair with his secretary and Jane found out about it. Can you believe it?
3. She has a family and she runs her own business. She is a superwoman, so to .
4. I don't think they should get married. I , I don't have anything against marriage, but don't you think it's a bit soon?
5. I wish I was famous - a big house, no need to work. you, I wouldn't be like these typical celebrities that spend their nights at parties. I would lead a quiet life.
6. We still haven't decided where we are going this summer. , I we'll find a last minute bargain, like every year.
7. Why don't you call Sarah? After , she is your sister and she has always helped you.
8. I'm glad to hear the kids are doing great. the way, have you heard about the new swimming pool in the town?
9. Your face looks familiar. Have we met before? , we studied together in high school.
10. I am not fussy. , I like my hotel room to be clean when I check in. It's basic courtesy.
Expresar acuerdo o desacuerdo en inglés
Expresar acuerdo o desacuerdo es una función discursiva básica que necesitamos dominar para interactuar eficazmente en el trabajo, en la escuela, con los amigos, etc. Nos centraremos en algunas de las expresiones habituales para esta función en el discurso oral.
1. Expresar el acuerdo
- Acordar con intensidad:
I agree with you a hundred percent.
I couldn’t agree with you more.
You’re absolutely right. / Absolutely!
That’s exactly what I think!/ You’ve read my mind!
We are on the same wavelength!
We see eye to eye on this!
- Acordar con menor intensidad:
You have a point there.
I suppose/guess so.
You may/might be right.
2. Expresar el desacuerdo
- Desacuerdo total:
I’m afraid I can’t agree with you.
I (very much) doubt whether…
With all due respect, …
I’m sorry but I disagree.
I’m afraid I’m of a different opinion/we are at odds on this one.
I beg to differ.
- Desacuerdo parcial:
That’s true but…
I agree with you in part/principle but…
I see your point but…
Ejercicios: Como expresar acuerdo o desacuerdo en inglés.
En el ejercicio de hoy os propongo practicar con algunas construcciones habituales para expresar el acuerdo o el desacuerdo en inglés. Completad las siguientes oraciones con la palabra adecuada.
1. I know everbody likes Mac computers, but I to differ! They are often incompatible with PCs.
2. A: I don't feel like cooking tonight. B: You've read my ! Let's order some Chinese takeaway.
3. With all respect, your proposal is not exactly what we had in mind.
4. A: He is such a rude guy! B: I'm I can't agree with you. He is not very sociable, that's all.
5. A: We need to go abroad if we want to get a good job. B: I agree with you in , but think that you can also try to make your own job here.
6. A: I don't trust her! B: We're on the same here! There's something fishy about her.
7. A: The government should cut the spending. B: I see your , but cutting the spending means cutting the investment, and this is definitely a problem.
8. A: He is going to be the next president! B: I very much it! He doesn't have much credibility among the working class.
2. A: I don't feel like cooking tonight. B: You've read my ! Let's order some Chinese takeaway.
3. With all respect, your proposal is not exactly what we had in mind.
4. A: He is such a rude guy! B: I'm I can't agree with you. He is not very sociable, that's all.
5. A: We need to go abroad if we want to get a good job. B: I agree with you in , but think that you can also try to make your own job here.
6. A: I don't trust her! B: We're on the same here! There's something fishy about her.
7. A: The government should cut the spending. B: I see your , but cutting the spending means cutting the investment, and this is definitely a problem.
8. A: He is going to be the next president! B: I very much it! He doesn't have much credibility among the working class.
Ejercicios: Expresiones idiomáticas relacionadas con el acuerdo o el desacuerdo.
Hay muchas expresiones idiomáticas relacionadas con las formas de debate y las diferencias de opiniones. Os propongo descubrir algunas de ellas mediante el siguiente ejercicio.
Completad las oraciones con una de las palabras de la lista:
bone, devil, fence, hairs, hatchet, molehill, odds, slate
1. The workers have agreed to have their salaries reduced but doing overtime is still a of contention between the trade unions and the management.
2. The two main political parties decided to bury the and stand together against the terrorist threat.
3. Being the 's advocate means adopting a point of view which is contrary to that of the majority for the sake of seeing people's reactions to it.
4. It's not a serious problem but she has a tendency to make a mountain out of a .
5. Sam is at with his father over everything related to politics.
6. Immigrants' rights to justice is an important issue - no one can sit on the !
7. Arguing about the colour of the sacks is splitting - let's focus on the important issues!
8. I know there have been conflicts between us but we need to wipe the clean and make a fresh start!
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